Chapter 5 - Lab

(Q005) Which type of bone cell is responsible for removing bone?

osteoclast

(Q008) Examine the shinbone (tibia) depicted in Part B of the image on p. 132 of your lab manual. What is the bone feature indicated by the red circle?

projection

(Q003) Flat bones include which of the following?

scapula, cranial bones, ribs

(Q008) Which toe of each foot is the most lateral?

little toe

(Q006) Part vi. On the shaft of the humerus there is a projection called the deltoid tuberositywhere the deltoid muscle attaches.

top arrow, left image

(Q009) Part v. femur and tarsals

The femur is superior to the tarsals.

(Q012) Part viii. lumbar vertebrae and cervical vertebrae

The lumbar vertebrae are inferior to the cervical vertebrae.

(Q008) Part iv. radius and humerus

The radius is inferior to the humerus.

(Q008) Compared with the cervical (neck) vertebrae, the lumbar (lower back) vertebrae are positioned more

inferiorly

(Q007) Which toe of each foot is the most medial?

big toe

(Q002) Part ii. The posterior end of the vertebra has a spinous process to which muscles and ligaments attach.

bottom arrow

(Q005) Part v. The medial side of the distal humerus has a small projection you can feel on the inside of your arm, called the medial epicondyle.

bottom arrow, left image

(Q009) Examine the hip bone (pelvis) depicted in Part C of the image on p. 132 of your lab manual. What is the bone feature indicated by the red circle?

depression/groove

(Q001) Review the skeleton diagram provided in Exercise 2 on p. 126 of your lab manual. Use the diagram to assist you in answering the following questions. Long bones include which of the following?

femur, humerus, phalanges

(Q003) Part iii. The foramen posterior to the body of the vertebra creates the vertebral canalfor the spinal cord to pass through when the vertebrae are stacked upon one another in the spine.

middle arrow

(Q004) Why is a bone like the scapula (shoulder blade) considered part of the appendicular skeleton and not the axial skeleton?

The scapula is part of the appendicular skeleton is because it has the appendix bones while the axial bone is connected to the humerus and the clavicle is the shoulder cap bone.

(Q004) Examine the humerus (upper arm bone) depicted on p. 131 of your lab manual. Locate the features boldfaced and described below in Parts iv-vi, and indicate which arrow on the images on p. 131 points to each feature.Part iv. On the posterior side of the distal end of the humerus, there is a feature called the olecranon fossa. This is where the elbow-forming projection of the ulna (one of the lower arm bones) sits when the lower arm is extended.

arrow on right image

(Q002) What are the two main types of bone tissue in lamellar bone?

cortical bone and trabecular bone

(Q007) Examine the sacrum depicted in Part A of the image on p. 132 of your lab manual. What are the bone features indicated by the red circles?

foramina/canals

(Q009) You are examining a bone that has a shaft in the middle and distinct ends on each side. What type of bone is this?

long bone

(Q010) Part vi. pinky toe phalanges and big toe phalanges

The pinky toe phalanges is lateral to the big toe phalanges.

(Q003) How much of the skeleton is made of organic components?

all of it

(Q006) Describe one reason why bone is remodeled.

To allow normal growth and development in the process when the individual is actively exercising.

(Q004) Which type of bone cell is responsible for making bone?

osteoblast

(Q001) Use the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the diagram on p. 130 of your lab manual) to answer the following questions. Name three (3) bones that are proximal to the carpals.

The Radius, the Ulna and the Humerus are all proximal to the carpals

(Q011) Part vii. occipital and frontal

The occipital bone is posterior to the frontal bone.

(Q006) Part ii. tibia and fibula

The tibia is medial to the fibula.

(Q002) Short bones include which of the following?

carpals, tarsals

(Q010) A hole in the bone that is associated with a nearby nerve or vessel is usually called a

foramen

(Q001) Describe one of the main functions of the skeleton inside the body.

(Q002) What are the two main types of bone tissue in lamellar bone?

(Q006) Name one (1) bone that is inferior to the cervical vertebrae.

The Pubis is inferior to the Cervical vertebrae.

(Q002) Describe one hypothetical situation that illustrates the "lose it" portion of the use it or lose it principle. Provide a description of the situation/behavior and an explanation for why lessbone is present under these circumstances.

One hypothetical situation to use "lose it" is astronaut. In space, there is less bone present for astronauts to use when they are in a no gravity zone. It's different in Earth, where gravity affects our bone growth to the amount of exercise we do to support us in the presence of gravity. While in space with the lack of gravity, the use of bones to properly move is no longer needed to support the person anymore making so their bone structure to be smaller.

(Q001) Describe one hypothetical situation that illustrates the "use it" portion of the use it or lose it principle. Provide a description of the situation/behavior and an explanation for why more bone is present under these circumstances.

One way to use "use it" in a hypothetical situation is by "working out". When there is extra muscle gain the bone will have to be adjusted to grow bigger overtime when the person starts to grow.

(Q013) Use the skeleton diagram from Exercise 2 (p. 126 of your lab manual) to help you visualize the different bone shapes in the human body. Why are short bones well suited to an area like the wrist? Why are long bones more suited to areas like the lower arm?

Short bones are made to support and have good flexibility despite the limited movement they offer in the joints. They are known to be the material of the spongy bone. Long bones have more density to take in more weight and pressure and long distances.

(Q003) Review your work in Exercise 1. Describe an additional hypothetical situation that illustrates the "use it" portion of the use it or lose it principle. Be sure to describe the situation/behavior and explain why more bone is present under these circumstances. Also, describe an additional hypothetical situation that illustrates the "lose it" portion of the use it or lose it principle. Be sure to describe the situation/behavior and explain why less bone is present under these circumstances.

The "Using it" would be the increase of the muscle growth due to excessive exercise over time and the "Lose it" would be the decrease of bone density making the bones weaker and fragile than it should be. This can occur overtime due to age or exercise of one's daily routine.

(Q003) Name one (1) bone that is superior to the temporal bone.

The Parietal bone is superior to the Temporal bone.

(Q005) Name one (1) bone that is posterior to the sternum.

The Scapula is posterior to the Sternum.

(Q002) Name two (2) bones that are anterior to the occipital bone.

The Temporal and Frontal bones are anterior to the occipital bone.

(Q007) Name one bone that is part of the appendicular skeleton.

The arm, wrist and leg.

(Q005) Use directional terminology to describe the relationship between the pairs of bones in the human skeleton indicated in Parts i-viii. Use the skeleton diagram provided in Figure 5.7 on p. 118 of your lab manual to help you.

The cranium is superior to the pelvis.

(Q004) Name four (4) bones that are distal to the femur.

The four bones that are distal to the femur is the Patella, Tibia, Fibula and the Tarsals.

(Q014) Consider the mandibular canal pictured on p. 129 of your lab manual. It is located inside the mandible (lower jawbone), extending posteriorly from the mental foramen. Based on what you know of bone features, what do you think this canal is for? Why would we need a hollow space in this area of this bone?

The mandibular canal contains the artery and vein in the bone. This can sense incoming tooth falling out or notifies the individual about their severly damaged jaw to stop using it. The hollow space in the area of this bone is used for replacement and it can be done with ease unlike how fingers and arms replace by the body.

(Q001) The skeleton is an integral part of the body. It works with other major body systems to help the body function and stay healthy. The bones are also shaped by their relationships with other body systems. How does the skeleton specifically work with and relate to the muscular system? How does the skeleton specifically work with and relate to the circulatory system? (Be sure to consider things like bone remodeling and bone features, as well as general bone function.)

The skeletal system is depended on another system to be able to function properly; muscular system and circulatory. While the skeletal system serves as the framework, the muscles is known for its mobility and movement of the body. The circulatory system uses both the skeletal and muscle system to properly distribute cells across the body and manages the organs to keep the body in check and stable.

(Q007) Part iii. sternum and thoracic vertebrae

The sternum is anterior to the thoracic vertebrae.

(Q002) Under what circumstances would an adult have woven (or unorganized) bone?

Under the circumstances that an adult has a woven bone is after a fracture; after the damage has occurred the bone will be replaces by another copy which isn't as strong as the original one. Also, the condition of the Paget Disease a bone disease that affects the bone itself in the resorption and increasing it.

(Q001) This exercise is to help you begin to understand the terminology we use to identify the general landmarks and features on bones (you will learn the specific bones of the skeleton and their features in greater detail in Lab 6). Use the pictures in the Lab 5 Exercise Image Library on pp. 131-132 of your lab manual to complete the following tasks.Examine the cervical vertebra (neck vertebra) depicted on p. 131 of your lab manual. Locate the features boldfaced and described in Parts i-iii, and indicate which arrow on the image on p. 131 points to each feature.Part i. The transverse foramen (one on each side of the vertebra) transmits the vertebral arteries that send blood to the brain.

top arrow

(Q004) Irregular bones include which of the following?

vertebrae, sacrum