Chapter 5- Learning

conditioned response (CR)

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.

stimulus discrimination

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

Stimulus

Can be defined as any object, event or experience that causes a response

Learning

Is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

The CS must come before the UCS. The CS and UCS must be very close together in time. The NS must be paired with the UCS several times The CS is usually some stimulus that is distinctive

Pavlov basic principles

Acquisition

The repeated pairing of the Neural stimulus and (UCS) is usually called _____ because the organism is in the process of acquiring learning.

Ivan Pavlov

Was a Russian physiologist, who discovered one of the simplest forms of learning called, classical conditioning. Used dogs.

Reinforcement

What was one of Skinner's major contributions to behaviorism

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response.

unconditioned response (UCR)

an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

reflex

an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice.

operant

any behavior that is voluntary

punishment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

reinforcement

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

reinforcers

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

primary reinforcer

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

discriminative stimulus

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.

vicarious conditioning

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

conditioned taste aversions

development of a nausea or aversion response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association.

conditional emotional response (CER)

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.

law of effect

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated.

observational learning

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

latent learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.

classical conditioning

learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to as stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally reduces the reflex.

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.

cognitive perspective

modern theory in which classical condition is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.

higher-order conditioning

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

stimulus substitution

original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.

learning/performance distinction

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior.

biological prepardness

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain association, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairing due to the survival value of the learning.

fixed interval schedule of reinforcemnet

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule or reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

successive approximations

small steps n behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response.

punishment by removal

the punishment of a response by the removal of an pleasurable stimulus.

instinctive drift

tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

extinction

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

punishment by application

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured

positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasure stimulus.

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

continuous reinforcemnt

the reinforcement of each and every correct response.

shaping

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.

partial reinforcement effect

the tendency for a response that is reinforce after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.

token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.