Chapter 5, Lessons 2 and 3 Egypt Test

He expanded Egypt's control north to the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia and south far up the Nile where Nubia was located. His armies captured nearly 350 cities. The Egyptian empire grew wealthy through these conquests.

Accomplishments of Thutmose III

Amenhotep IV came to power in about 1370 B.C.E., and he tried to convert Egyptians to a new monotheistic religion, involving the worship of Aton, the sun god.

Amenhotep IV and his changes

5 million people, equal to the number of people living today in Colorado.

At its peak, how many people lived in ancient Egypt?

A modern-day city located 10 miles from Giza, where the Great Pyramid is located.

Cairo

mid-2000s B.C.E.

Construction of the Great Pyramid (Date)

Egyptians developed a number system based on 10 in order to measure angles, and they also created fractions. This math all helped with the construction of pyramids.

Egyptian math skills, engineering

The river god, one of the most crucial gods of ancient Egypt.

Hapi

The pyramids were built by thousands of workers who worked hard for many years to build the pyramids. Workers searched for stone and after finding it, skilled artisans used copper tools to cut the stone into huge blocks. Workers dragged or pushed these blocks up ramps and set them in place at each new level of the pyramid.

How were pyramids built?

The first great engineer who built pyramids. He also served as an official for the pharaoh.

Imhotep

The goddess who represented the faithful wife and mother. She ruled over the world of the dead alongside her husband, Osiris.

Isis

The Great Pyramid was built in honor of King Khufu.

King Khufu

Tutankhamen was just 10 years old when he became pharaoh after the death of his father, Amenhotep IV. He restored polytheism, but he died unexpectedly after ruling for just nine years as pharaoh.

King Tut

A present-day country located on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Phoenicians lived in this area.

Lebanon

Lower class people lived in mud brick houses with roofs made of palm leaves.

Lower class home

Unskilled workers and slaves, the largest class.

Lower level of social status

A large class of farmers.

Lower-middle level of social status

2055-1650 B.C.E. A peaceful time. "Golden Age"

Middle Kingdom (Dates, important achievements)

A decent sized class of traders, artisans, and scribes.

Middle level of social status

1550-1070 B.C.E. Trade, conquest of land.

New Kingdom (Dates, important achievements)

2600-2200 B.C.E. Formed unified government, lots of trade, city building.

Old Kingdom (Dates, important achievements)

According to legend, Osiris was an early pharaoh who gave the Egyptian people laws and taught them farming. He ruled over the world of the dead alongside his wife, Isis.

Osiris

A key trading partner for Egypt, mainly because the Phoenicians lived in an area where wood was in abundance.

Phoenicians

An Egyptian prince who formed an army and drove the Hyksos out of Egypt around 1550 B.C.E. He founded a new dynasty, thus beginning the New Kingdom.

Prince Ahmose

Egyptian traders exchanged beads, metal tools, and weapons for gold, ivory, ebony wood, and incense.

Products involved in trade

She was one of the few women to rule Egypt, and she was more interested in promoting trade than starting wars.

Queen Hatshepsut

Ramses II ruled from 1279 to 1213 B.C.E. He conquered the region of Canaan and signed a peace treaty with the Hittite king during his rule.

Ramses II

The sun god, one of the most crucial gods of ancient Egypt.

Re

Pharaohs fought costly wars after Ramses II, allowing outside invaders to attack and eventually conquer Egypt.

Reasons for Egypt's decline after Ramses II

Few Egyptian children attended school. Children entertained themselves with toys like board games, dolls, spinning tops, and stuffed leather balls. They were told to respect their parents. Girls were taught to sew, cook, and run a household, while boys learned about their father's job.

Roles of children

The father was the head of the family in ancient Egypt. Wealthy women even served as priests. Wives of farmers often worked side by side with their husbands. Upper class women were likely to stay at home while their husbands were at work.

Roles of men and women

The Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia, the Mittani in Syria, and the Hittite Empire in Anatolia had ruling families that became joined by treaty or marriage with the Egyptian dynasty.

Syria and Anatolia, the Mittani people and Hittite people

Ramses II and other New Kingdom rulers built many temples during this time period. Temples were very important to Egypt's economy.

The Age of Temples

A book that Egyptians studied in order to prepare for the afterlife, in which Osiris would grant eternal life to those who led good lives and knew the content of The Book of the Dead. The book contained prayers and magic spells.

The Book of the Dead

Another name for the Middle Kingdom, as leaders during this period expanded Egypt through war and trade.

The Golden Age

The Great Pyramid was the biggest and grandest of the pyramids. It is one of three pyramids still standing at Giza along the Nile's west bank. It is 48 stories high, nearly 500 feet, and more than 2 million stone blocks were used in the pyramid's construction.

The Great Pyramid

The capital of Egypt was moved to Thebes, a city south of Memphis, once a new dynasty of pharaohs had come to power, thus ushering in the Middle Kingdom in 2055 B.C.E.

Thebes

The god of learning, and he could take human or animal form, or both, like most gods and goddesses.

Thoth

Upper class people lived in elegant homes and on estates along the Nile River.

Upper class home

The pharaoh and his family.

Upper level of social status

Small class of army commanders, nobles, and priests.

Upper-middle level of social status

This was a place where pharaohs had their tombs cut out into a limestone cliff.

Valley of the Kings

Painting and sculpting flourished in the Middle Kingdom.

What kinds of arts flourished in the Middle Kingdom?

Most ancient Egyptians lived in the fertile Nile valley and delta, only 3 percent of Egypt's total land.

Where did most of Egypt's people live?

The Hyksos were a group of people from western Asia. They invaded Egypt in the 1600s B.C.E., as Egypt was weakened by civil war, using horse-drawn chariots and strong weapons made of bronze and iron.

Who were the Hyksos and what did they do?

The Egyptians believed that there was life after death, and that their time in the afterlife would be even better than their present life already was.

afterlife

A bureaucrat was a government official appointed by the pharaoh to carry out his orders.

bureaucrat

Before an Egyptian was embalmed, priests removed the body's organs and stored them in canopic jars that ended up being buried with the body.

canopic jars

A box in which a person's remains are stored. Only wealthy people in ancient Egypt could have their mummies placed in coffins and buried in tombs.

coffins

Another word for gods or goddesses. The Egyptians believed these deities controlled natural forces as well as human activities.

deities

Pyramids were enormous structures made of stone that covered the area of several city blocks. The pyramids protected the bodies of dead pharaohs from floods, wild animals, and robbers. The dead pharaoh's personal belongings were also placed inside the pyramids, to ensure happiness in the afterlife.

description of a pyramid

A dynasty is a line of rulers from a single family. When an Egyptian pharaoh passed away, one of his sons would take his place.

dynasty, dynasties

Embalming is the process of treating a body to keep it from decaying, and Egyptians used this process to protect bodies for the afterlife.

embalming

An envoy is a government representative to another country. During the New Kingdom, pharaohs and other rulers exchanged envoys to try to work towards common goals.

envoy

The felucca was an ancient Egyptian river craft, which was used for transport along the Nile River.

felucca

A material that produces a pleasant smell when burned. During the rule of Hatshepsut, Egyptian seafarers sailed to ports in Arabia and East Africa, where they traded goods in exchange for many other goods, including incense.

incense

Cloth woven from flax. The Egyptians wrapped up dead bodies with long strips of linen to create mummies.

linen

The kind of labor performed by unskilled workers. This included jobs such as unloading, transporting, and fishing.

manual labor

As a result of embalming, ancient Egyptians learned a lot about the human body. Egyptian doctors were able to sew up cuts, fix broken bones, and utilize splints, bandages, and compresses.

medical skills

A dead body tightly wrapped with long strips of linen. The mummy was sealed in a coffin and placed in a decorated tomb.

mummy

Natron is a kind of salt, and it was used to dry up all of the water in a dead body during the process of mummification.

natron

A reed plant that grew along the Nile. It was used to make many things, including paper, upon which Egyptian scribes would write hieroglyphics.

papyrus

Egyptians believed that animals weren't just pets, but that they were also sacred creatures. They had their pets embalmed when they died, and their pet's mummy was buried at a temple honoring their gods and goddesses.

pets

The pharaoh was the ruler of ancient Egypt. "Pharaoh" originally meant "great house".

pharaoh

Polytheism is the worshipping of many gods. Ancient Egyptians practiced their religion in this way.

polytheism

Priests performed religious ceremonies. They were also the ones to remove organs from a body to prepare for embalming. They were also government officials who had the ability to supervise clerks and scribes.

priests

Pyramids were great stone tombs built to honor the Egyptian pharaohs.

pyramid

Women were still less powerful than men, but they had more rights in ancient Egypt than in other early civilizations. Women could own property, buy and sell goods, and obtain divorces.

role of women

Skilled labor requires more intelligence than strength, while unskilled labor requires more strength than intelligence.

skilled vs. unskilled labor

The spiritual part of the human body that always exists. People in ancient Egypt thought that the pharaoh's soul resided in his body, and that the body had to be protected in order for the soul to complete the journey to the afterlife.

soul

Egypt had a theocracy, in which the government was ruled by a single person, both a political and religious leader.

theocracy

A large vault or building in which wealthy people in ancient Egypt had their mummies stored. Pyramids were a type of tomb reserved for the pharaohs.

tombs

A tribute is a forced payment. During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt conquered new territories and required tribute from the peoples their armies had conquered.

tribute