Chapter 5 - Lipids

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Gastric lipase is important for the suckling infant for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

It requires an alkaline environment for optimal activity.

What shape does a carbon-carbon double bond in the trans form?

It will extend the fatty acid into a linear shape.

What lipoprotein is the major carrier of cholesterol to tissues for use in construction of membranes or steroid lipids?

LDL

Which lipoprotein are normally present in blood in the greatest quantity during the fasting state?

LDL

What fatty acids are considered essential and must be supplied by the diet?

Linoleic acid and alpha linoleic acid

What dietary fatty acid family exerts anti-thrombotic properties?

N-3

Carbon-carbon double bonds in the cis form:

Result in a kinking of the fatty acid into a U-shape

Triacylglycerols with saturated fatty acids of longer chain length tend to be ___ at RT?

Solid fats

Ketones are produced from:

acetyl-CoA

Thromboxane A2 is a hormone like substance made from:

arachidonic acid

How many double bonds can a polyunsaturated fat of nutritional interest have?

as many as six double bonds

Prostaglandins exhibit a range of physiological actions including: a. effects on visual development. b. effects on the immune system. c. enhanced fatty acid mobilization. d. enhanced fatty acid synthesis.

b. effects on the immune system.

The physiological effect of thromboxanes derived from omega-3 essential fatty acids are?

platelet inhibitor and vasodilation

What is the function of apolipoproteins?

stimulate enzymatic reactions which regulate the metabolic functions of lipoproteins.

What is the carrier for long-chain dietary fatty acids in circulation?

chylomicrons

Cholesterol is delivered to the liver chiefly in the form of?

chylomicrons remnants

What of the following FA would yield the greatest energy upon complete oxidation? a. oleic acid b. linoleic acid c. alpha-linoleic acid d. stearic acid

d. stearic acid

What antithrombiotic n-3 fatty acid is found in fish oil?

eicosapentaenonic

Undigested lipid delays the rate of emptying of stomach contents, thus:

it delays hunger

What organ provides the major site for lipoprotein formation from endogenously produced lipids?

liver

Carnitine is the carrier molecule needed for:

mitochondrial membrane transport of FA and their CoA derivatives.

Sphingomyelins are important phospholipids found in the ____.

myelin sheath of nerves

The fatty acid synthase system is involved in creating?

palmitate from acetyl CoA.

Why does undigested lipids in the stomach create satiety?

It delays the rate of emptying of stomach contents

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A phospholipid has a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids with one chain attached by a phosphate.

During beta oxidation of FA through cyclic degradative pathway, how many carbon units in the form of acetyl-CoA are cleaved at a time from the carboxyl end?

2 carbon units

From what product is cholesterol produced from?

Acetyl-CoA

Leukotrienes are hormone-like substances made from what fat?

Arachidonic Acid

During the catabolism of TAC, the glycerol portion of the molecule is used for energy production in which system?

Glycolysis

Why are trans unsaturated fatty acids considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids?

Because they elevate serum LDL while decreasing HDL.

What is the best description of the action of bile acids?

Bile emulsifies dietary lipid to increase its surface area.

How does Orlistat reduce absorption of dietary fat?

By inhibiting the activity of pancreatic lipase

Pancreatic Lipase is characterized by which of the following statements? a. It hydrolyzes short-chain FA from the sn-3 position. b. It can readily penetrate milk fat globules without bile salt stabilization. c. It requires an alkaline environment for optimal activity. d. It is highly stable in an acid environment.

C. It requires an alkaline environment for optimal activity.

What compounds does cholesterol serve as a precursor?

Cholesterol serves as a precursor for many other important steroids in the body, like bile acids, sex hormones, corticosteroids and vitamin D3.

Which lipoprotein are not normally present in blood in the fasting state?

Chylomicrons because they form after a meal

What is the most important unsaturated fatty acid serving as a precursor for eicosanoids that antagonize those made from an omega-6fatty acid precursor?

Eicosapentaenoic Acid

LDL binds to which cells in the body with high affinity and specificity?

Fibroblasts cells

Reverse cholesterol transport that removes cholesterol from peripheral cells and return it to the liver is carried out by what lipoprotein?

HDL

What enzyme is inhibited by drug therapy to decrease serum cholesterol?

HMG CoA reductase

What is a major risk factor for CVD?

High levels of circulating LDL

Ketogenesis would be highest in what events? What are the others?

Highest in prolonged starvation and others are low CHO diet, uncontrolled DM and prolonged exercise.

What occurs from a high rate of ethanol ingestion?

Increase in fatty acid synthesis

What are the two major components implicated in the mechanism of atherogenesis?

Inflammation and serum lipids

What hormone inhibits hormone-sensitive triacylglycerol lipase found in adipose tissue cells?

Insulin

What hormone is considered to be antagonist of lipolysis?

Insulin

When CHO are low during fasting, prolonged exercise or uncontrolled diabetes, what compound is converted to glucose?

Oxaloacetate

What is the most common lipid characterized by a cyclized internal segment in a 20 carbon chain?

Prostaglandins

In what form is most body fat stored?

Triacylglycerol


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