Chapter 5 Mastering Biology Study Guide

Cells A and B are the same size and shape, but cell A is metabolically quiet and cell B is actively consuming oxygen. Oxygen will diffuse more quickly into cell _____ because _____. A. B ... the oxygen molecules inside cell B have a higher kinetic energy B. B ... the diffusion gradient there is steeper C. A ... its membrane transport proteins will not be saturated D. A ... the diffusion gradient there is shallower

B. B ... the diffusion gradient there is steeper

Cellular respiration is an example of __________. A. bioenergetics B. an exergonic process C. an endergonic process D. thermodynamics

B. an exergonic process

A reaction is designated as exergonic rather than endergonic when _____. A. no kinetic energy is released B. the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants C. activation energy exceeds net energy release D. activation energy is necessary

B. the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants

Fluidity of an animal cell plasma membrane is enhanced by __________. A. polyunsaturated triglycerides B. saturated triglycerides C. cholesterol molecules D. saturated phospholipids

C. cholesterol molecules

An enzyme _____. A. is a inorganic catalyst B. increases the the activation energy of a reaction C. can bind to nearly any molecule D. is an organic catalyst E. is a source of energy for endergonic reactions

D. is an organic catalyst

What happens to the chemical energy that is extracted from molecules by cellular activities but that is not used for cellular work? A. The energy contributes to the entropy of the system. B. The energy is recycled by the cell. C. The energy is captured by other cells. D. It is used by plant cells for photosynthesis.

A. The energy contributes to the entropy of the system.

Fluidity of an animal cell plasma membrane is enhanced by __________. A. cholesterol molecules B. polyunsaturated triglycerides C. saturated phospholipids D. saturated triglycerides

A. cholesterol molecules

Azidothymidine (AZT) is an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of HIV. It shares a structural similarity to a nucleotide. What might be the mode of action for this drug? A. competitive inhibition B. noncompetitive inhibition C. feedback inhibition D. mixed inhibition

A. competitive inhibition

You're on the pilot episode of a new reality show called "The Transport Factor." The host hands you three different amino acids, four different sugars, and two different ions. Then the host shouts, "How many different proteins does the cell need to move these molecules across the plasma membrane using facilitated transport?" Quickly, you correctly respond: _____. A. nine B. five C. one D. three

A. nine

In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP? A. digestion B. cellular respiration C. redox D. potentiation E. anabolism

B. cellular respiration

Osmosis is often viewed incorrectly as a process driven directly by differences in solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. What really drives osmosis? A. the difference in sugar or ion concentration across a selectively permeable membrane B. the difference in water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane C. the difference in the height of water columns on either side of a selectively permeable membrane D. the first law of thermodynamics

B. the difference in water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

What controls the direction of a molecule, such as oxygen, involved in passive transport? A. the amount of energy available to transport oxygen B. the size of the oxygen molecule C. the direction of the oxygen concentration gradient D. the type of cell to or from which the oxygen molecule is moving

B. the size of the oxygen molecule

During enzymatic reactions, substrates are converted to products. A property of enzymes that facilitates this reaction is that they are catalysts and therefore _____. A. are proteins B. can make an endergonic reaction exergonic C. change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction D. provide activation energy for the reactions they facilitate

C. change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

What happens to the chemical energy that is extracted from molecules by cellular activities but that is not used for cellular work? A. The energy is recycled by the cell. B. It is used by plant cells for photosynthesis. C. The energy is captured by other cells. D. The energy contributes to the entropy of the system.

D. The energy contributes to the entropy of the system.

You're on the pilot episode of a new reality show called "The Transport Factor." The host hands you three different amino acids, four different sugars, and two different ions. Then the host shouts, "How many different proteins does the cell need to move these molecules across the plasma membrane using facilitated transport?" Quickly, you correctly respond: _____. A. five B. three C. one D. nine

D. nine

Which of the following is highest in chemical energy? A. one molecule of H2 B. one molecule of CO2 C. one molecule of ATP D. one molecule of glucose

D. one molecule of glucose

Overall, membranes seem to have a great deal in common, but on closer inspection it is revealed that membranes of different cells have unique properties. What is the primary component of membranes that gives membranes cell-specific properties? A. phospholipids B. cytoskeleton C. cholesterol D. proteins

D. proteins

When placed in a hypotonic environment, where the solute concentration is below that of the cell, a houseplant will _____. A. go brown at the edges of its leaves B. go limp and lifeless C. die D. remain standing upright

D. remain standing upright

As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____. A. loses energy B. is used up C. loses a phosphate group D. permanently alters its shape. E. is unchanged

E. is unchanged

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of active transport and facilitated diffusion? A. Active transport moves solutes against their concentration gradient; facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient. B. Facilitated diffusion requires the use of ATP; active transport does not require ATP. C. In both types of movement, phosphate groups alter the shape of transport proteins. D. Active transport requires membrane proteins; facilitated diffusion does not require membrane proteins.

A. Active transport moves solutes against their concentration gradient; facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient.

Which statement regarding enzyme function is true? A. Excessive salt ions can cause an enzyme to denature. B. Higher temperatures allow greater contact between enzymes and substrates; therefore, the higher the temperature the better the enzyme will function. C. Most coenzymes are inorganic substances such as ions of iron or potassium. D. Enzymes cannot function at a pH lower than 6.

A. Excessive salt ions can cause an enzyme to denature.

Which of these statements describes what occurs in facilitated diffusion? A. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the membrane. B. Facilitated diffusion is another name for osmosis. C. Facilitated diffusion requires energy from the cell to drive a concentration gradient. D> Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through phospholipid pores in the membrane.

A. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the membrane.

Which of these statements describes what occurs in facilitated diffusion? A. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the membrane. B. Facilitated diffusion requires energy from the cell to drive a concentration gradient. C. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through phospholipid pores in the membrane. D. Facilitated diffusion is another name for osmosis.

A. Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the membrane.

Most enzymes are _____. A. proteins B. lipids C. minerals D. nucleic acids E. carbohydrates

A. proteins

Which of the following is a difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion? A. Active transport involves transport proteins, and facilitated diffusion does not. B. Active transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy, and facilitated diffusion does not. C. Facilitated diffusion can move solutes against a concentration gradient, and active transport cannot. D. Facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins, and active transport does not.

B. Active transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy, and facilitated diffusion does not.

Frequently, transplanted organs are rejected by the recipient's body. How is this reaction related to plasma membranes? A. The fibers of the extracellular matrix differ from individual to individual. B. Each person has a unique set of carbohydrate chains attached to his or her plasma membranes. C. The phospholipid bilayers become disrupted during transplant and may never re-form, causing the tissues to lose their function. D. Everyone's organs contain different amounts of cholesterol.

B. Each person has a unique set of carbohydrate chains attached to his or her plasma membranes.

The eukaryotic cell has multiple membrane-enclosed compartments. This evolutionary innovation provides what advantage to the cell? A. The membrane-enclosed spaces lead to the evolution of many different cell types when they are extruded to form daughter cells with novel functions. B. The different membrane-enclosed spaces allow different parts of the cell to perform specific functions. C. The membrane-enclosed spaces allow for eukaryotic cells to be larger. D. The membrane-enclosed spaces have allowed eukaryotes to evolve forms of metabolism that no longer require the intake of any molecules from outside the cell.

B. The different membrane-enclosed spaces allow different parts of the cell to perform specific functions.

The eukaryotic cell has multiple membrane-enclosed compartments. This evolutionary innovation provides what advantage to the cell? A. The membrane-enclosed spaces have allowed eukaryotes to evolve forms of metabolism that no longer require the intake of any molecules from outside the cell. B. The different membrane-enclosed spaces allow different parts of the cell to perform specific functions. C. The membrane-enclosed spaces lead to the evolution of many different cell types when they are extruded to form daughter cells with novel functions. D. The membrane-enclosed spaces allow for eukaryotic cells to be larger.

B. The different membrane-enclosed spaces allow different parts of the cell to perform specific functions.ewded

The eukaryotic cell has multiple membrane-enclosed compartments. This evolutionary innovation provides what advantage to the cell? A. The eukaryotic cell has multiple membrane-enclosed compartments. This evolutionary innovation provides what advantage to the cell? B. The membrane-enclosed spaces have allowed eukaryotes to evolve forms of metabolism that no longer require the intake of any molecules from outside the cell. C. The different membrane-enclosed spaces allow different parts of the cell to perform specific functions. D. The membrane-enclosed spaces lead to the evolution of many different cell types when they are extruded to form daughter cells with novel functions. The membrane-enclosed spaces allow for eukaryotic cells to be larger.

B. The membrane-enclosed spaces have allowed eukaryotes to evolve forms of metabolism that no longer require the intake of any molecules from outside the cell.

Table sugar, or sucrose, is quite stable, and left on its own at room or even human body temperature, breakdown occurs very slowly. The breakdown of sucrose into the simple sugars fructose and glucose is an exergonic reaction. Sucrase, an enzyme, can increase the reaction rate at least one-million-fold. How does the net amount of energy released during the breakdown of sucrose compare between a spontaneous reaction and one catalyzed by sucrase? A. The sucrase-catalyzed reaction releases roughly two to three times more energy than the spontaneous reaction. B. The sucrase-catalyzed reaction releases the same amount of energy as the spontaneous reaction. C. The sucrase-catalyzed reaction releases one million times more energy than the spontaneous reaction. D. The sucrase-catalyzed reaction releases about one-millionth the energy of the spontaneous reaction.

B. The sucrase-catalyzed reaction releases the same amount of energy as the spontaneous reaction.

A pharmaceutical company wishes to focus on an enzyme to develop new medications. What type of study would be of the greatest benefit? A. Studying the structure of an enzyme would help pharmaceutical companies determine the enzyme's substrate. B. Understanding the enzyme's structure would help pharmaceutical companies design molecules that fit to the binding site and alter activity. c. Studying the structure would help pharmaceutical companies create enzymes that are not destroyed during reactions. D. Knowing the structure of enzymes may make it possible to design enzymes that raise the activation energy above that of the spontaneous reaction to allow more efficient drug synthesis.

B. Understanding the enzyme's structure would help pharmaceutical companies design molecules that fit to the binding site and alter activity.

The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions? A. a hypertonic urea solution B. a hypertonic sucrose solution C. a hypotonic urea solution D. a hypotonic sucrose solution

B. a hypertonic sucrose solution

Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy? A. a rock on a mountain ledge B. a space station orbiting Earth C. the high-energy phosphate bonds of a molecule of ATP D. an archer with a flexed bow E. a person sitting on a couch while watching TV

B. a space station orbiting Earth

Azidothymidine (AZT) is an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of HIV. It shares a structural similarity to a nucleotide. What might be the mode of action for this drug? A. feedback inhibition B. competitive inhibition C. noncompetitive inhibition D. mixed inhibition

B. competitive inhibition

The movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from a region of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration is called _____. A. active transport B. diffusion C. crenation D. spontaneous combustion

B. diffusion

A nursing infant is able to obtain disease-fighting antibodies, which are large protein molecules, from its mother's milk. These molecules probably enter the cells lining the baby's digestive tract via _____. A. osmosis B. endocytosis C. active transport D. passive transport

B. endocytosis

New drugs are being developed to lower levels of circulating cholesterol. A successful drug would be one that _____. A. increases exocytosis in cells that line blood vessels, especially those of the heart B. increases the rate of LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis C. binds to the LDL receptor and blocks receptor-mediated endocytosis D. blocks the synthesis of LDL receptors

B. increases the rate of LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis

The synthesis of an amino acid follows this pathway: precursor A → intermediate B → amino acid C. Each reaction is catalyzed by a different enzyme. This metabolic pathway is controlled by feedback inhibition with amino acid C inhibiting the conversion of precursor A to intermediate B. Amino acid C acts as a _____ of the first enzyme in the pathway. A. catalyst B. noncompetitive inhibitor C. substrate D. competitive inhibitor

B. noncompetitive inhibitor

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called __________. A. exocytosis B. osmosis C. active transport D. dehydration

B. osmosis

Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy. A. heat B. potential C. entropic D. motion E. kinetic

B. potential

Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific kind of molecule? A. passive transport B. receptor-mediated endocytosis C. diffusion D. osmosis

B. receptor-mediated endocytosis

The lipids in a cell membrane are arranged _____. A. so that the hydrophilic components are arranged to face each other B. so that the nonpolar parts of two lipids point toward each other C. between two layers of protein D. on either side of a single layer of protein

B. so that the nonpolar parts of two lipids point toward each other

What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? A. reactors B. substrate C. active sites D. products

B. substrate

Succinylcholine is structurally almost identical to acetylcholine, but if combined with the enzyme that normally hydrolyzes acetylcholine, the enzyme is no longer able to hydrolyze acetylcholine. This suggests that _____. A. succinylcholine must be a noncompetitive inhibitor B. succinylcholine must be a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine C. succinylcholine must regulate the activity of this enzyme by negative feedback D. the active site must have the wrong configuration to permit succinylcholine binding

B. succinylcholine must be a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine

The transport of molecules of a particular solute from inside an animal cell across the cell membrane to the extracellular fluid always requires energy when _____. A. the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside it B. the concentration of the solute is lower inside the cell than outside it C. the lipid bilayer is permeable to the solute D. a transport protein is involved in the movement of the molecules

B. the concentration of the solute is lower inside the cell than outside it

The transport of molecules of a particular solute from inside an animal cell across the cell membrane to the extracellular fluid always requires energy when _____. A. the lipid bilayer is permeable to the solute B. the concentration of the solute is lower inside the cell than outside it C. the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside it D. a transport protein is involved in the movement of the molecules

B. the concentration of the solute is lower inside the cell than outside it

Which statement best describes phagocytosis? A. A receptor on the plasma membrane binds to a molecule, and the cell engulfs both the receptor and the molecule. B. Cells use this process to export products such as insulin or thyroxine. C. A cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a vacuole. D. Small droplets of extracellular fluid and all the dissolved solutes enter the cell by this process.

C. A cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a vacuole.

Which of the following is a difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion? A. Active transport involves transport proteins, and facilitated diffusion does not. B. Facilitated diffusion can move solutes against a concentration gradient, and active transport cannot. C. Active transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy, and facilitated diffusion does not. D. Facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins, and active transport does not.

C. Active transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy, and facilitated diffusion does not.

Antibiotics - for example, penicillin - cannot be used to treat viral infections, such as the common cold. Why? A. Only protease inhibitors can be used to fight viral infections. B. They may poison the patient. C. Antibiotics inhibit enzymes that are essential to the survival of bacteria only. D. Antibiotics enhance viral function.

C. Antibiotics inhibit enzymes that are essential to the survival of bacteria only.

Green olives may be preserved in brine, which is a 20-30% salt solution. How does this method prevent contamination by microorganisms? A. Bacterial cell walls are shriveled up by salt, causing the cell to burst. B. High salt concentrations raise the pH, thus inhibiting the process of glycolysis. C. Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose water. D. High salt concentrations lower the pH, thus inhibiting the process of glycolysis.

C. Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose water.

Green olives may be preserved in brine, which is a 20-30% salt solution. How does this method prevent contamination by microorganisms? A. High salt concentrations raise the pH, thus inhibiting the process of glycolysis. B. Bacterial cell walls are shriveled up by salt, causing the cell to burst. C. Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose water. D. High salt concentrations lower the pH, thus inhibiting the process of glycolysis.

C. Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose water.

Frequently, transplanted organs are rejected by the recipient's body. How is this reaction related to plasma membranes? A. Everyone's organs contain different amounts of cholesterol. B. The fibers of the extracellular matrix differ from individual to individual. C. Each person has a unique set of carbohydrate chains attached to his or her plasma membranes. D. The phospholipid bilayers become disrupted during transplant and may never re-form, causing the tissues to lose their function.

C. Each person has a unique set of carbohydrate chains attached to his or her plasma membranes.

In a theoretical world where all things are possible, how could you increase the amount of energy that could be stored in a molecule of ATP? A. Change the middle phosphate group from a negative to a positive charge. B. Alter the first and third groups to make them positive. C. Increase the negative charge of each phosphate group. D. Convert the negative charge of the phosphate groups to a positive charge.

C. Increase the negative charge of each phosphate group.

Which of the following statements is true about passive transport? A. Passive transport operates independently of concentration. B. Passive transport operates independently of diffusion. C. Passive transport requires no expenditure of cellular energy. D. Passive transport phenomena can never reach equilibrium.

C. Passive transport requires no expenditure of cellular energy.

Which of these statements about enzyme inhibitors is true? A. A noncompetitive inhibitor does not change the shape of the active site. B. When the product of an enzyme or an enzyme sequence acts as its inhibitor, this is known as positive feedback. C. The action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible. D. A competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme outside the active site.

C. The action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible.

Which of the following is an example of the second law of thermodynamics? A. All types of cellular respiration produce ATP. B. CO2 is exhaled as a by-product of aerobic respiration. C. The aerobic respiration of glucose generates heat. D. Photosynthesis enables plants to create energy from sunlight.

C. The aerobic respiration of glucose generates heat.

Utah's Great Salt Lake has an average salinity seven times higher than that of the oceans. Very few multicellular organisms live in this harsh environment. An example is the brine shrimp, which must devote a large portion of its metabolic energy to osmoregulation. These brine shrimp must _____. A. actively pump salt back out of their cells to counter its inflow due to osmosis B. synthesize membranes that are impermeable to substances that upset osmotic balance C. actively pump water back into their cells to counter its loss due to osmosis D. actively pump water back out of their cells to counter its inflow due to osmosis

C. actively pump water back into their cells to counter its loss due to osmosis

Fluidity of an animal cell plasma membrane is enhanced by __________. A. saturated phospholipids B. saturated triglycerides C. cholesterol molecules D. polyunsaturated triglycerides

C. cholesterol molecules

When considering the formation of membranes, they __________. A. require enzymes to form into bilayer structures B. are constructed using specialized scaffolding proteins C. form spontaneously in aqueous environments D. are formed under the direction of the cell's DNA

C. form spontaneously in aqueous environments

Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration? A. water B. glucose and water C. heat and water D. ATP E. ATP and water

C. heat and water

Light is _____ energy, which is converted by plants into molecules, which possess _____ energy. A. potential ... kinetic B. chemical ... kinetic C. kinetic ... chemical D. chemical ... potential

C. kinetic ... chemical

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Which of the following can pass freely through the membrane with no assistance? A. sodium and hydrogen ions B. starch and cellulose C. oxygen and carbon dioxide D. glucose and lactose

C. oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific kind of molecule? A. diffusion B. passive transport C. receptor-mediated endocytosis D. osmosis

C. receptor-mediated endocytosis

Enzymes work by _____. A. adding energy to a reaction B. adding a phosphate group to a reactant C. reducing activation energy D. decreasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product E. increasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product

C. reducing activation energy

The first law of thermodynamics _____. A. predicts the direction of a reaction B. states that entropy spontaneously increases C. states that energy is neither created nor destroyed D. deals with heat content

C. states that energy is neither created nor destroyed

Osmosis is often viewed incorrectly as a process driven directly by differences in solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. What really drives osmosis? A. the difference in the height of water columns on either side of a selectively permeable membrane B. the first law of thermodynamics C. the difference in water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane D. the difference in sugar or ion concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

C. the difference in water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

What controls the direction of a molecule, such as oxygen, involved in passive transport? A. the type of cell to or from which the oxygen molecule is moving B. the amount of energy available to transport oxygen C. the direction of the oxygen concentration gradient D. the size of the oxygen molecule

C. the direction of the oxygen concentration gradient

What substance is transported by aquaporins? A. salt B. urine C. water D. proteins

C. water

Which of the following is a difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion? A. Facilitated diffusion can move solutes against a concentration gradient, and active transport cannot. B. Active transport involves transport proteins, and facilitated diffusion does not. C. Facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins, and active transport does not. D. Active transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy, and facilitated diffusion does not.

D. Active transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy, and facilitated diffusion does not.

Why doesn't the antibiotic penicillin harm humans? A. Penicillin attacks plasma membranes. B. Penicillin attacks the nervous system. C. The dosage given to kill bacteria is too low to harm humans. D. Human cells do not have cell walls.

D. Human cells do not have cell walls.

Macrophages are white blood cells that roam the body searching for invading microbes. Inside macrophage vacuoles these invaders are destroyed. How do the microbes get inside the macrophages? A. The invaders cross the membranes via active transport through specific transport proteins. B. They are taken in by the form of exocytosis known as pinocytosis. C. The invaders cross the membranes via facilitated transport through specific transport proteins. D. Microbes are engulfed into the macrophage via phagocytosis.

D. Microbes are engulfed into the macrophage via phagocytosis.

Macrophages are white blood cells that roam the body searching for invading microbes. Inside macrophage vacuoles these invaders are destroyed. How do the microbes get inside the macrophages? A. The invaders cross the membranes via facilitated transport through specific transport proteins. B. The invaders cross the membranes via active transport through specific transport proteins. C. They are taken in by the form of exocytosis known as pinocytosis. D. Microbes are engulfed into the macrophage via phagocytosis.

D. Microbes are engulfed into the macrophage via phagocytosis.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following is true? A. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. B. The entropy of the universe is constantly decreasing. C. Energy conversions increase the order in the universe. D. The ordering of one system depends on the disordering of another.

D. The ordering of one system depends on the disordering of another.

Lactase is essential for digesting lactose in milk. This enzyme is specific for this sugar. Why? A. Reaction-specific enzymes assume a fit by folding around the most numerous substrate molecules. B. Molecules and active sites vary in size; only properly sized molecules can fit. C. Specificity refers to the action of the enzyme, such as hydrolysis, and relatively few molecules can be hydrolyzed. D. There is a precise compatibility between the active site and the lactose molecule.

D. There is a precise compatibility between the active site and the lactose molecule.

When in solution, a molecule that moves slowly across an artificial membrane moves rapidly across a plasma membrane. This molecule rapidly enters the cell regardless of whether its concentration is higher inside or outside the cell. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most likely to be responsible for the movement of the molecule across a plasma membrane? A. phagocytosis B. exocytosis C. passive transport D. active transport

D. active transport

Cells store energy that they use for work in the _____. A. water that is moved inside the cell B. oxygen cells take in C. thermal energy of molecules D. arrangement of atoms within molecules

D. arrangement of atoms within molecules

The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP is an _____ reaction that _____ energy. A. exergonic ... requires an input of B. exergonic ... releases kinetic C. endergonic ... releases D. endergonic ... requires an input of

D. endergonic ... requires an input of

A nursing infant is able to obtain disease-fighting antibodies, which are large protein molecules, from its mother's milk. These molecules probably enter the cells lining the baby's digestive tract via _____. A. active transport B. osmosis C. passive transport D. endocytosis

D. endocytosis

"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____. A. the net amount of disorder is always increasing B. the entropy of the universe is always increasing C. if you conserve energy you will not be as tired D. energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another E. no chemical reaction is 100 percent efficient

D. energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

In cellular respiration, most energy is released and transferred to ATP when _____. A. low-energy C-H bonds in glucose are broken B. low-energy electrons are "raised" to higher energy levels C. high-energy C-C and C-H bonds in glucose are broken D. high-energy electrons "fall" to lower energy levels

D. high-energy electrons "fall" to lower energy levels

The first law of thermodynamics _____. A. deals with heat content B. states that entropy spontaneously increases C. predicts the direction of a reaction D. states that energy is neither created nor destroyed

D. states that energy is neither created nor destroyed

Kinetic energy is energy in motion. Potential energy is _____ energy. A. electromagnetic B. solar C. heat D. stored

D. stored

A reaction is designated as exergonic rather than endergonic when _____. A. activation energy is necessary B. no kinetic energy is released C. activation energy exceeds net energy release D. the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants

D. the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants

Energy is conserved. This means that in any system, _____. A. high-quality energy input equals high-quality energy output B. energy is constantly recycled C. light energy is released to replace the original input of solar energy D. total energy input equals total energy output

D. total energy input equals total energy output

In an oil-based, nonpolar environment, phospholipids would arrange themselves so that they __________. A. would never associate but instead would remain as individual molecules completely dissolved in the oil B. would not pack together at all C. would pack more tightly together than they would in a watery environment D. would stay together but in a reverse orientation, with their tails projecting outward

D. would stay together but in a reverse orientation, with their tails projecting outward