Chapter 5: Models of the Atom

What is the maximum number of electrons in the first 3 sub-levels?

1st: 2, 2nd: 8 3rd: 18

Erwin Schrodinger

Austrian physicist used new research and mathematical equations to better describe the behavior of electrons.

Niels Bohr

Danish physicist who studied atomic structure and radiations; developed the quantized orbit model of the atom, electrons can only reside in certain energy levels.

Cloud model

Electrons move rapidly within a cloud like region around the nucleus.

Give the electron configuration for a neutral atom of Oxygen

First find the atomic number of Aluminum. Then use the aubau or diagonal rule to build an electron configuration up to that number. 1s2 2s2 2p4

Give the electron configuration for a neutral atom of Magnesium

First find the atomic number of Aluminum. Then use the aubau or diagonal rule to build an electron configuration up to that number. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

Give the electron configuration for a neutral atom of Aluminum.

First find the atomic number of Aluminum. Then use the aubau or diagonal rule to build an electron configuration up to that number. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

What happens when an electron moves from a higher energy to a lower energy level?

It halves it's energy

Bohr Model

Model of the atom in which electrons move rapidly around the nucleus in paths called orbits

Which scientist developed the quantum mechanical model of the atom?

Neihls Bohr

The amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another energy level.

Quantum

Which type of wave has the lowest frequency?

Radio Waves

What was inadequate about Rutherford's atomic model?

Rutherford's atomic model could not explain the chemical properties of elements.

Rutherford Model

The atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus. Electrons move around the nucleus.

In the Bohr Model, where are the electrons and protons located?

The electrons move around the protons, which are the at the center of the atom.

Energy Sublevels

The energy levels contained within a principal energy level.

Electron ladder

The energy levels in atoms are unequally spaced; The higher energy levels are closer together.

Energy Levels

The rings of the electron orbits (clouds) that hold electrons.

Aufbau Principle

The rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first

Each energy sublevel corresponds to an orbital of:

a different shape, which describes where the electron is likely to be found.

atomic orbital

a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron.

emission spectrum

a series of bright lines of particular wavelengths produced by a vapor under low pressure.

Bohr changed Rutherford's model to include newer discoveries about how the energy of an atom:

changes when it absorbs or emits light.

The *quantum mechanical model* determines the allowed energies an electron can have and:

how likely it is to find the electron in various locations around the nucleus.

Different atomic orbitals are denoted by:

letters. s-orbitals are spherical. p-orbitals are dumbbell-shaped. d-orbitals are clover-leaf-shaped. f-orbitals are complex in shape.

The energy levels of electrons are labeled by

principal quantum numbers n = 1,2,3,4...

The modern description of the electrons in atoms States that electrons do not travel in defined orbits but rather are localized into orbitals.

quantum mechanical model

For each principal energy level, there may be several orbitals with different:

shapes and at different energy levels. These energy levels within a principal energy level constitute *energy sublevels*.

Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in:

specific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus.

What is the shape of the 3p atomic orbital?

spherical