Chapter 5: Motivation Background and Theories

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) assess individual differences in _______________.

the need for achievement, need for power, and need for affiliation

Alderfer's ERG theory of motivation presents that there are _______________.

three levels of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation, the preference for outcomes, as seen by the individual, is termed _______________.

valence

An expectancy value of ____ indicates no chance that an outcome will occur after the behavior or act.

0

Critiques of Herzberg's theory include _______________.

All of the above

Equity theory proposes that when inequity exists, a person may be motivated to restore equity by _______________.

All of the above

Herzberg's theory identifies two factors. These two factors have been referred to as _______________.

All of the above

Maslow's theory assumes _______________.

All of the above

Using McClelland's prescriptions, a manager trying to develop a positive high need for achievement would be encouraged to: _______________.

All of the above

_______________ refers to the perceived equity or fairness of the organization's processes and procedures used to make resource and allocation decisions.

Procedural justice

Content theories of motivation _______________.

Both A and B

Research has indicated that High n Ach persons prefer: _______________.

Both A and B

The frustration-regression process is associated with the _______________ theory of motivation.

ERG

_____________ theory implies that individuals are motivated to engage in behavior to satisfy one of the three sets of needs.

ERG

Using McClelland's prescriptions, a manager trying to develop a positive high need for affiliation would be encouraged to all of the following except: _______________.

None of the above

Within the context of equity theory, "inputs" may include all of the following except _______________.

None of the above

_______________ refers to the degree to which individuals feel fairly treated at the workplace.

Organizational justice

Within Herzberg's two-factor theory, "motivators" include all of the following except _______________.

Pay

Maslow hypothesized five classes of needs. In order of level (lowest to highest), they are:

Physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization

Herzberg's original research on the two-factor theory was based upon _________.

a group of 200 accountants and engineers

Maslow's theory assumes _______________.

a person only progresses up the need hierarchy once his lower-level needs have been effectively met

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is _______________.

a projective test

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory the _________.

absence of satisfiers doesn't prove highly dissatisfying

Locke presents that if employees are in a state of positive inequity, i.e. overpaid, they are likely to _______________.

adjust their idea of what constitutes an equitable payment to justify their pay

According to Alderfer's ERG theory if a subordinate's higher-order needs (e.g., growth) are being blocked, then it's in the manager's best interest to _______________.

attempt to redirect the subordinate's efforts toward relatedness or existence needs

Jeff senses an inequity and has decided to ask his boss for more time off. He is trying to ____________________.

change the outcome

Process theories of motivation _______________.

describe and analyze how behavior is energized, directed, sustained, and stopped by factors primarily external to the person

Components of organizational justice include _______________.

distributive justice

Joe believes that his department has not been allocated a fair portion of the organization's research budget. This may be considered a perception of low _______________.

distributive justice

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation, an individual's perception that first-level outcomes are associated with second-level outcomes is termed _______________.

instrumentality

Pat has decreased her work output because she believes that others are getting paid the same amount for doing less. This may be an example of the ________ theory of motivation.

equity

The essence of _______________ is that employees compare their efforts and rewards with those of others in similar work situations.

equity theory

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation, the perceived chance of something occurring because of a behavior is termed _______________.

expectancy

Process theories describe and analyze how behavior is energized, directed, sustained, and stopped by factors primarily ____________________ to the individual.

external

The expectancy theory of motivation considers two levels of outcomes. These are _______________.

first-and second-level

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation the valence concept applies to _______________.

first-and second-level outcomes

According to the two-factor theory of motivation, pay is generally considered a _______________.

hygiene factor

McClelland was the founder of the ____________________.

learned needs theory

Applying Herzberg's two-factor theory, an employee who is paid well, has job security, has good relationships with co-workers and the supervisor but is not given any challenging assignments and is very bored with his/her job is likely to have _______________.

low job dissatisfaction, low job satisfaction

An employee's response to a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is that the man at the desk is working long hours and misses his family, but nonetheless, remains at work to complete an important project. This response may be taken that the employee's dominant need is the _________.

n Ach

Alderfer's ERG theory of motivation differs from Maslow's need hierarchy _______________.

on how people move through the different levels of needs

Within Herzberg's two-factor theory, "hygiene factors" include all of the following except _______________.

opportunities for advancement

According to equity theory, a ____________________ is any individual(s) or group used by Person as a referent regarding the ratio of inputs and outcomes.

person

John believes that employees are treated arbitrarily and inconsistently. This may be considered a perception of low _______________.

procedural justice

Equity theory proposes that when inequity exists, a person may be motivated to restore equity by all of the following except _______________.

reverting to a lower level need