Chapter 5

Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater. True False

True

bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms covalent bonds ions electrons atoms hydrogen bonds

covalent bonds

The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C. True False

True

The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting. True False

True

Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to the marine effect. True False

False

Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation. True False

False

The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density pure water. True False

False

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline. True False

Flase

Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant. True False

True

precipitation decreases seawater salinity increases seawater salinity

decreases seawater salinity

river input increases seawater salinity decreases seawater salinity

decreases seawater salinity

All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except : precipitation. river runoff. iceberg melting. evaporation. sea ice melting.

evaporation

Amount of Water Vapor Needed to Saturate a Kilogram of Air at Various Temperatures Temperature °C (°F) Water-Vapor Content at Saturation (grams) - 40 (- 40) 0.1 - 30 (- 22) 0.3 - 20 (- 4) 0.75 - 10 (14) 2 0 (32) 3.5 5 (41) 5 10 (50) 7 15 (59) 10 20 (68) 14 25 (77) 20 30 (86) 26.5 35 (95) 35 40 (104) 47 47 grams 45 grams 30 grams 50 grams

45 grams

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Measure ocean depth. Pass electrical current through the water. Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. Determine very exactly the amount of light that can pass through the water. Observe the clarity of the water. Record the temperature of the water.

Pass electrical current through the water. Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out.

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of: calorie. latent heat of evaporation. boiling point elevation. thermal capacity. latent heat of condensation.

calorie

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________. evaporation is much less than precipitation evaporation is much greater than precipitation precipitation occurs only as snowfall both precipitation and evaporation rates are high both precipitation and evaporation rates are low

evaporation is much greater then precipitation

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is: related to solvent concentration. higher than other liquids. about the same as other liquids. a function of salinity. lower than other liquids.

higher then other liquids

layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in density with depth condensation evaporation halocline sublimation pycnocline

pycnocline

Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion. True False

True

The surface tension of water: is very similar in other liquids. is related to salinity. is relatively high. is relatively low. increases as density decreases.

is relatively high

Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? Seawater temperature at the surface: 24°C Thermocline at 300 and 1000 meters depths: 1°C decrease per 50 meters of depth 5 meters 550 meters 250 meters 190 meters

550 meters

A. sodium ion B. calcium ion C. potassium ion D. hydrogen ion E. magnesium ion

D hydrogen ion

A. temperature B. salinity C. thermocline D. pycnocline E. distillation

E distillation

At high latitudes, abundant precipitation and runoff from melting of freshwater icebergs both increase salinity. True False

False

Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances. True False

False

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to: high surface tension. strong covalent bonds. low surface tension. high viscosity. low viscosity.

HIGH SURFACE TENSION

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds. In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes.

Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes.

f you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Melt recently frozen seawater. Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor.

Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor.

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? Seawater is slightly acidic. The pH of seawater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3. In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline. Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system. On the pH scale, 7 is neutral, the low numbers indicate highly alkaline substances, and the high numbers indicate highly acidic substances.

The pH of seawater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3. In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline. Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. ocean salinity varies as a function of season. the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change. the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. ocean salinity varies with geographical location.

The relative concentrations of the major inos in seawater does not change

Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which is/are true? There is a thermocline in low latitudes. There is a thermocline in high latitudes. There is a halocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in high latitudes. There is a pycnocline in low latitudes. There is a pycnocline in high latitudes.

There is a thermocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in high latitudes. There is a pycnocline in low latitudes.

Chlorinity, which is the weight of the chloride ion of a water sample, can be used to calculate salinity. True False

True

Water is one of the few substances that exists naturally on Earth in all three states of matter (ice, water, and water vapor). True False

True

Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and the formation of ice, which is/are true? As the temperature of water decreases from 20ºC to 4ºC, its density also decreases. Water at 2ºC is less dense than it is at 4ºC. Water's maximum density is at 4ºC. As the temperature of water decreases from 4ºC to 0ºC, its density decreases. Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats.

Water at 2ºC is less dense than it is at 4ºC. Water's maximum density is at 4ºC. As the temperature of water decreases from 4ºC to 0ºC, its density decreases. Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats.

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Water molecules have polarity. Snowflakes form six-sided crystals.

Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Water molecules have polarity. Snowflakes form six

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. A decrease in salinity increases seawater density. None of the listed choices is correct; seawater density is independent of salinity and temperature changes. An increase in salinity increases seawater density. An increase in temperature increases seawater density.

a decrease in temperature increases seawater density and increase in salinity increases seawater density

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________. are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar have no latent heat are smaller than water molecules have a high heat capacity are organic

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar

All the following statements regarding pH are true except : Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution. pH will be buffered in deeper water where organisms with calcite shells sink. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline.

as a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic

basic building blocks of all matter covalent bonds hydrogen bonds electrons atoms ions

atoms

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale? river discharge melting glaciers evaporation precipitation stream runoff

evaporation

change in state from liquid to gas condensation pycnocline evaporation sublimation halocline

evaporation

In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts. True False

false

Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater? sea ice melting the formation of sea ice glaciers calving into the ocean, producing icebergs that melt Evaporation Precipitation Runoff

formation of sea ice evaportation

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in salinity with depth sublimation pycnocline condensation evaporation halocline

halocline

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? low heat capacity high heat capacity high viscosity low viscosity high salinity

high heat capacity

high temperature decreases seawater salinity increases seawater salinity

increases seawater salinity

sea ice formation decreases seawater salinity increases seawater salinity

increases seawater salinity

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? It immediately begins to rise slowly. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. It rises rapidly as the ice melts. It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

it remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________. off the coast of Washington and Oregon in the Mediterranean Sea in the mid latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Persian Gulf in the trade wind belt of the North Pacific Ocean

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a: barocline. halocline. isocline. pycnocline. thermocline.

pycnocline

A. desalination B. solar distillation C. pycnocline D. electrolysis E. reverse osmosis

pycnocline

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: density. salinity. chlorinity. pH. temperature.

temperature

Why do ionic compounds dissolve readily in water? The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the surface tension of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the latent heat of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the cohesive properties of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the specific heat of water.

the electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water

By measuring only chlorinity (concentration of the chloride ion, Cl-) in seawater, we can then calculate the total salinity. This is an application of _________. chemical residence time the salinity equilibrium constant the marine effect hydrodynamic equilibrium the principle of constant proportions

the principle of constant proportions

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: pycnocline. thermocline. barocline. isocline. halocline.

thermocline

The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature. True False

true