Chapter 5

Which of the following indicates a hypothesized mate preference that appears to be adaptive in the modern environment? (a) When wives are six years younger than their husbands, they have fewer children than wives who are six years older than their husbands. (b) When the man is higher than the woman on attractiveness, the couple produces more offspring. (c) Women whose high school photographs were rated as more attractive produced more children than women whose high school photographs were rated less attractive. (d) all of the above

Women whose high school photographs were rated as more attractive produced more children than women whose high school photographs were rated less attractive.

The contrast effect that mated men experience occurs after viewing women who are __________. (a) attractive (b) acting warmly (c) smiling (d) all of the above

all of the above

Male and female homosexuality __________. (a) are not yet explicable by any one theory (b) are a set of adaptations designed to increase alliance formation (c) free one from investing in offspring with a partner so that greater investment can be made in relatives' offspring (d) are unique to Western cultures

are not yet explicable by any one theory

Both younger and older infants gaze longer at __________. (a) asymmetrical faces than at symmetrical faces (b) attractive faces than at unattractive faces (c) unattractive dolls than at attractive dolls (d) pairs of faces than at single faces

attractive faces than at unattractive faces

Men rate composite faces, mathematical averages of multiple women's faces as more attractive than real women's faces. This preference for averageness may have evolved because __________. (a) averageness indicates reproductive value (b) averageness indicates youth (c) averageness could be a marker of phenotypic quality (d) averageness is correlated with conformity and agreeableness

averageness could be a marker of phenotypic quality

Cryptic ovulation in women may have evolved because it ___________. (a) ensures greater paternity certainty for a long-term mate (b) increased the quality of mate that women could attracted (c) concealed her reproductive status (d) increased the probability of attracting a mate

concealed her reproductive status

The value that North American men place on virginity in a prospective long-term mate has _________ over the past half-century. (a) increased (b) decreased (c) not changed (d) doubled

decreased

Which of the following benefits did NOT accrue to ancestral men who preferred ovulating women? (a) maximized odds of successful fertilization (b) avoided women who were not ovulating (c) decreased parasite load (d) Mated males could more efficiently guard their partners.

decreased parasite load

Cryptic ovulation created selection pressures on men to __________. (a) determine how receptive women were to sexual intercourse (b) determine women's age from visual cues (c) determine which women were likely to be fertile (d) determine the reproductive value of a woman

determine which women were likely to be fertile

Across cultures, male preferences for physical attractiveness __________ relative to female preferences for physical attractiveness. (a) vary significantly (b) do not change (c) are not uniform (d) are lower

do not change

. Which of the following hypotheses would be supported if there was evidence that sisters of homosexual men have more offspring that survive to reproductive age than sisters of heterosexual men? (a) kin altruism hypothesis (b) female fertility hypothesis (c) alliance formation hypothesis (d) female obligatory investment hypothesis

female fertility hypothesis

Men receive _________ responses to singles advertisements than do women. (a) more (b) fewer (c) an equal number of (d) the same number of

fewer

Marriage may have provided an adaptive solution to the following problems for ancestral men EXCEPT __________. (a) paternity uncertainty (b) providing a social signal about who was mated to whom (c) providing opportunities to learn about a mate's personality, making it difficult for her to hide signs of infidelity (d) freeing a male to more successfully pursue short-term mating opportunities

freeing a male to more successfully pursue short-term mating opportunities

Men gain increased paternity certainty from marriage by virtue of gaining __________. (a) greater numbers of children (b) greater investment from paternal kin (c) greater similarity to children (d) greater sexual access to a partner

greater sexual access to a partner

Women with lower waist-to-hip ratios and relatively larger breasts __________. (a) were rated less attractive than women with relatively smaller breasts and lower waist-to-hip ratios (b) have the highest levels of estradiol (c) have the lowest levels of estradiol (d) were rated less attractive than women with higher waist-to-hip ratios and large breasts

have the highest levels of estradiol

. A man's "attentional adhesion" is more pronounced if __________. (a) he is oriented toward short-term mating (b) he did not grow up with female siblings (c) he has not been influenced by Western media (d) he has lower social status

he is oriented toward short-term mating

Men who are _____________ have a better chance of getting what they want in a mate. (a) high in mate value (b) low in mate value (c) high in reproductive value (d) sexually loyal

high in mate value

Hill and Hurtado found that Ache children whose fathers died suffer a _________ death rate than children whose fathers did not die. (a) higher (b) lower (c) less steep (d) more predictable

higher

Men who are in relationships and willing to have an affair tend to have _________ testosterone than men unwilling to have an affair, which supports the idea that testosterone is associated with ___________ in men. (a) lower; fertility (b) higher; fertility (c) lower; mating effort (d) higher; mating effort

higher; mating effort

Grammer found that a(n) ______________ in men's income is associated with a(n) _____________ in the ages of mates they sought. (a) decrease; decrease (b) increase; increase (c) increase; decrease (d) change; increase

increase; decrease

Which of the following is an adaptive benefit that would NOT have accrued to ancestral men willing to make a commitment to a partner? (a) increasing the quality of the long-term mate he is able to attract (b) increasing paternity uncertainty (c) increasing his pool of social allies (d) increasing the chances his children will survive to reproductive age

increasing paternity uncertainty

Men exposed to attractive women rate their current romantic partner as ______ attractive and rate themselves as _______ committed to their current romantic partners. (a) more; more (b) more; less (c) less; less (d) less; more

less; less

Men who pursue a short-term sexual strategy prefer women with ________ waist-to-hip ratios relative to men pursuing a long-term strategy. (a) lower (b) higher (c) the same (d) the highest

lower

Men in the later stages of a relationship have __________ testosterone than men in the early stages of a relationship. When divorced men remarry, they experience a __________ in testosterone. (a) higher; spike (b) lower; drop (c) lower; spike (d) higher; drop

lower; drop

Men exhibit "attentional adhesion" to photographs of attractive women. This means that __________. (a) attractive women demand more attention from men than unattractive women because they can afford to be choosier (b) men's attentional systems are biased toward attractive women and have a difficult time switching from an attractive woman to a different target (c) men have adaptations for viewing photographic images of fertile women (d) men have learned to pay more attention to attractive women because they are of higher status

men's attentional systems are biased toward attractive women and have a difficult time switching from an attractive woman to a different target

Which of the following lines of evidence does NOT point to an ability in men to detect when a woman is ovulating? (a) lightening of the skin during ovulation (b) vascularization of the skin during ovulation (c) body odor changes during ovulation (d) men's sexual performance with ovulating women

men's sexual performance with ovulating women

Men rated women's body odor ___________ when the woman was ovulating. (a) more attractive (b) less attractive (c) stronger (d) weaker

more attractive

Male ancestors had access to which two types of observable evidence of a woman's reproductive value? (a) hair color and current fertility status (b) current fertility status and body fat distribution (c) physical appearance and behavior (d) behavior and current fertility status

physical appearance and behavior

Women tend to derogate other women's ___________, especially during the _________ phase of their cycle. (a) status; fertile (b) physical appearance; fertile (c) status; infertile (d) physical appearance; infertile

physical appearance; fertile

Budget allocation was employed to examine men's and women's mate preferences in terms of necessities and luxuries. The researchers found that men considered __________ a necessity in a mate, whereas _________ was considered a luxury. (a) kindness; physical attractiveness (b) lively personality; kindness (c) physical attractiveness; kindness (d) kindness; physical attractiveness

physical attractiveness; kindness

Compared to women's self-reported ideal for themselves, men state a preference for _____________ mates. (a) thinner (b) shorter (c) plumper (d) taller

plumper

Adolescent men __________. (a) do not have age preferences for dates (b) prefer dates with women their own age (c) prefer dates with slightly younger women (d) prefer dates with slightly older women

prefer dates with slightly older women

he best predictor of engaging in extramarital sex is ___________________. (a) a partner's extraversion (b) commitment to a partner (c) a partner's conscientiousness (d) premarital sexual permissiveness

premarital sexual permissiveness

The size of the sex difference in the importance of attractiveness has __________ over the past fifty years. (a) remained constant (b) increased (c) decreased (d) diminished

remained constant

Men's mate preferences, relative to women's mate preferences, should be more attuned to a prospective mate's ___________. (a) body symmetry (b) facial symmetry (c) reproductive value (d) resource holdings

reproductive value

The male preference for youth in a long-term mate is critical because a woman's _________ declines as she ages. (a) reproductive value (b) status (c) attractiveness (d) symmetry

reproductive value

Which of the following features is considered a sign of facial femininity? (a) short distance between mouth and jaw (b) long distance between mouth and jaw (c) lower cheekbones (d) eyes set wider apart

short distance between mouth and jaw

Reproductive value refers to __________. (a) the number of children a person has (b) the number of children a person is likely to have in the future (c) the number of children that a person has in combination with his or her kin (d) the number of children a person is capable of having in the near future

the number of children a person is capable of having in the near future

Despite average changes in weight over the past thirty years, Singh found that __________ did not change (as reflected in the centerfolds of men's magazines). (a) facial symmetry (b) female preferences (c) body fat distribution (d) waist-to-hip ratio

waist-to-hip ratio

Both men and women experience attentional adhesion to which of the following targets? (a) young men's faces (b) young women's faces (c) older men's faces (d) older women's faces

young women's faces

Evidence from a study in which silhouette images of the female body were rated revealed that the most attractive silhouettes had legs that were ___percent longer than average legs. (a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 10

5

There is much controversy over whether waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) or body mass index (BMI) is a better predictor of a woman's perceived attractiveness. Which of the following is the best evidence that BMI is more important? (a) Childhood obesity is more predictive of infertility than adulthood obesity. (b) Offspring of women with larger hips show higher cognitive development during elementary school. (c) An eye-tracking study documented that men spend focus more on women's breasts and waist area than the hip area. (d) Women tend to derogate other women for being fat.

An eye-tracking study documented that men spend focus more on women's breasts and waist area than the hip area.

Which of the following indicates that men's preference for low waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in women is reliably developing even in the absence of media depictions? (a) Men who are blind from birth prefer the feel of low WHR mannequins. (b) Women also find low WHR to be attractive in other women. (c) The average WHR of prostitutes varies from culture to culture. (d) The WHRs of females depicted in artwork are consistently low.

Men who are blind from birth prefer the feel of low WHR mannequins.

Which of the following is a hypothesis proposed by evolutionary psychologists about men's testosterone levels? (a) Men's testosterone levels should decrease after entering into a long-term committed relationship. (b) Men's testosterone levels should increase after entering into a long-term committed relationship. (c) Men's testosterone levels should increase after their partner gives birth to a son. (d) Men's testosterone levels should increase after their partner gives birth to a daughter.

Men's testosterone levels should decrease after entering into a long-term committed relationship.

Men in their fifties who are looking for a long-term mate prefer women in their thirties. Men's preferences for short-term mates, however, remain for women at the age of peak fertility. Why might this be? (a) Older men may have difficulty attracting dramatically younger women as long-term mates. (b) Older men are less interested in mates who are similar or compatible. (c) Older men are generally lower in status than young men. (d) Modern long-term mating is different from ancestral long-term mating; it requires less compatibility.

Older men may have difficulty attracting dramatically younger women as long-term mates.

Which of the following is evidence that supports the sexual competition hypothesis? (a) The prevalence of eating disorders is highest among women engaged in intrasexual competition for mates. (b) Men tend to have more eating disorders than women but are more likely to keep them a secret. (c) Bulimia occurs more frequently among girls who are prepubescent. (d) Anorexia occurs more frequently among girls who are prepubescent.

The prevalence of eating disorders is highest among women engaged in intrasexual competition for mates.

Which of the following is an empirically documented result that indicates that men adjust their behavior based on the quality of the target? (a) Men tip waitresses most if they are taller and brunette. (b) Men's skin conductance fluctuates less from baseline when speaking with an attractive woman. (c) Men increase the pitch of their voice when talking to an attractive woman. (d) The younger the woman, the more money the man spends on his engagement ring for her.

The younger the woman, the more money the man spends on his engagement ring for her.

Which of the following does NOT increase in women when ovulating? (a) WHR (b) tips made by professional lap dancers (c) facial attractiveness (d) self-perceived attractiveness

WHR

American men prefer in women a waist-to-hip ratio of about __________. (a) .60 (b) .70 (c) .80 (d) .90

.70

Women's use of appearance enhancement was judged to be _________________ effective in attracting mates than men's use of such tactics. (a) slightly less (b) slightly more (c) significantly less (d) significantly more

significantly more

A woman's reproductive value peaks in her __________. (a) teens (b) twenties (c) thirties (d) forties

teens

A woman's fertility peaks in he __________: (a) teens (b) twenties (c) thirties (d) forties

twenties