chapter 5 \ physical and cognitive development in early childhood

Children begin the transition from saying simple to more complex sentences

between 2 and 3 years of age.

What most strongly influences a child's eating behavior?

caregivers behavior

Child-_______ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.

centered

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood.

cognitive

Along with the recommended amount of sleep, the World Health Organization also recommends which of the following sleep habits for 3- to 4-year-old children?

consistent sleep and wake times

Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate

contextual factors in learning.

The most obvious physical change in early childhood is growth in

height and weight.

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years?

information processing theory Piaget's theory Vygotsky's theory

In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of

phonology

Executive attention involves ______.

planning actions, dealing with new situations, monitoring progress, and compensating for errors

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of

pragmatics

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the

preoperational stage.

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of ,__________which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

syntax

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of________ which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

syntax

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in

syntax

______ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their ______ attention.

Executive; sustained

______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined.

Phonology

True or false: Researchers suggest that instruction to enhance U.S. children's ability to read and write should be built on skills that the children already know.

True

A young child who says, "Where Daddy is going?" or "What that girl is doing?" has yet to fully understand which of the following?

auxiliary-inversion rule

The recommended amount of sleep for 3- to 4-year-old children is ______ hours.

10 to 13

Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens?

Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play. Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth.

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development?

Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs.

Which of the following is a government program to provide skills for success in school for preschool children from low-income families in the United States?

Head Start

Which of the following emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction?

Social constructivist approach

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood?

Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children are able to present competent narratives.

The main cause of death among young children is

accidents

With regard to young children who are learning English as their first language, all children will

learn the prepositions on and in before other prepositions.

The brain grows _______ in early childhood than in infancy.

less rapidly

The ability of a young child to remember their name and address is an example of ______, the retention of information over time.

memory

After a half-century of educational programming, one of the criticisms regarding the Head Start programs is that

there are inconsistencies in the quality of the various Head Start programs.

Two controversies in early childhood education involve what the curriculum should be and whether preschool education should be _______ in the United States.

universal

Which of the following activities is LEAST likely to aid in the development of preschoolers' literacy skills?

watching TV

Which of the following are among the current controversies regarding early childhood programs?

whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States what the preschool curriculum should be