Chapter 5 (Potter): Evidence-Based Practice
To provide patient care of the highest quality, nurses utilize an evidence-based practice approach because evidence-based practice is: A. A guide for nurses in making clinical decisions. B. Based on the latest textbook information. C. Easily attained at the bedside. D. Always right for all situations.
A. A guide for nurses in making clinical decisions. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a guide for nurses to structure how to make accurate, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions. A textbook relies on the scientific literature, which is often outdated by the time the book is published and is not the most reliable source for EBP. Unfortunately, most of the best information in evidence never reaches the bedside. EBP is not to be blindly applied without using good judgment and critical thinking skills. It is not appropriate for all settings.
The hospital's quality improvement committee has identified a problem on one of the units. In using the PDSA method to help determine ways to deal with the issue, the committee decides to do a literature review. This is an example of quality improvement: A. Combined with evidence-based practice. B. With inability to make the right decision. C. With delay in the action needed. D. With no designated method for dealing with issues
A. Combined with evidence-based practice. Quality improvement combined with evidence-based practice is the foundation for excellent patient care and outcomes. Once a committee defines a problem, it applies a formal model for exploring and resolving quality concerns. One part of the PDSA cycle is the "Do" section, which requires the selection of an intervention on the basis of data reviewed. Therefore the committee is taking the right action and is not unduly delaying action; data must be obtained that are needed to make the right decision as part of the PDSA method, which is in place.
The nurse is preparing to conduct research that will allow precise measurement of a phenomenon. Which of the following methods will provide the nurse with the right kind of data? (Select all that apply.) A. Experimental research B. Surveys C. Evaluation research D. Phenomenology e. Grounded theory
A. Experimental research B. Surveys C. Evaluation research Experimental research, surveys, and evaluation research are all forms of quantitative research. Phenomenology and grounded theory are forms of qualitative research.
A nurse researcher decides to complete a study to evaluate how Florence Nightingale improved patient outcomes in the Crimean War. This is an example of what type of research? A. Historical. B. Evaluation. C. Exploratory D. Experimental
A. Historical. Historical studies establish facts concerning past events.
The nurses on a medical unit have seen an increase in the number of pressure ulcers that develop in their patients. They decide to initiate a quality improvement project using the PDSA model. Which of the following is an example of "Do" from that model? A. Implement the new skin care protocol on all medicine units. B. Review the data collected on patients cared for using the protocol. C. Review the QI reports on the six patients who developed ulcers over the last 3 months. D. Based on findings from patients who developed ulcers, implement an evidence-based skin care protocol.
A. Implement the new skin care protocol on all medicine units. In the Do step, the nurse selects an intervention and implements it.
Before conducting any study with human subjects, the researcher must obtain approval from the agency's human subjects committee or institutional review board (IRB). The IRB ensures that the researcher (Select all that apply.) A. Obtains informed consent. B. Minimizes risk to subjects. C. Ensures confidentiality. D. Identifies risks and benefits of participation. E. Ensures that subjects complete the study.
A. Obtains informed consent. B. Minimizes risk to subjects. C. Ensures confidentiality. D. Identifies risks and benefits of participation. Researchers must protect the confidentiality of those who participate in the study, obtain informed consent, minimize risk to subjects, identify risks and benefits of participation, ensure that participation in the study is voluntary, and allow subjects to withdraw from studies at any time.
The hospital quality improvement committee has noted that the incidence of needlestick injuries on a particular unit has increased. When faced with issues, the committee applies the PDSA model, a formal model for exploring and resolving quality concerns. Because the committee is multidisciplinary in nature, and few members are nurses, it is imperative that the committee first: A. Plan. B. Do. C. Study. D. Act.
A. Plan. "Plan" is the first step of the process; it involves a review of available data to understand existing practice conditions or problems to identify the need for change. "Do" involves selecting an intervention on the basis of the data reviewed and implementing the change. "Study" means to evaluate the results of the change. "Act" involves incorporating the change if it is successful.
In reviewing literature for an evidence-based practice study, the nurse realizes that the most reliable level of evidence is the: A. Systematic review and meta-analysis. B. Randomized control trial (RCT). C. Case control study. D. Control trial without randomization.
A. Systematic review and meta-analysis. In a systematic review or meta-analysis, an independent researcher reviews all of the RCTs conducted on the same clinical question and reports whether the evidence is conclusive, or if further study is needed. A single RCT is not as conclusive as a review of several RCTs on the same question. Control trials without randomization may involve bias in how the study is conducted. Case control studies also have room for bias.
In collecting the best evidence, the gold standard for research is: A. The randomized controlled trial (RCT). B. The peer-reviewed article. C. Qualitative research. D. The opinion of expert committees
A. The randomized controlled trial (RCT). Individual RCTs are the gold standard for research. A peer-reviewed article means that a panel of experts has reviewed the article; this is not a research method. Qualitative research is valuable in identifying information about how patients cope with or manage various health problems and their perceptions of illness. It does not usually have the robustness of an RCT. Expert opinion is on the bottom of the hierarchical pyramid of evidence.
The nurse is developing a PICO question related to whether her patient's blood pressure is more accurate while measuring with the patient's legs crossed versus with the patient's feet flat on the floor. With P being the population of interest, I the intervention of interest, C the comparison of interest, and O the outcome, the nurse determines that this is: A. A true PICO question, because the outcome always comes before the intervention. B. A true PICO question regardless of placement of elements. C. Not a true PICO question, because the comparison comes after the intervention. D. Not a true PICO question, because the outcome comes after the population
B. A true PICO question regardless of placement of elements. Note that a well-designed PICO question does not have to follow the sequence of P, I, C, and O. The aim is to ask a question that contains as many of the PICO elements as possible.
The hospital policy states that when starting an intravenous (IV) catheter, the nurse must first prepare the potential IV site with alcohol and dress it using a gauze dressing. The nurse has done a literature review and believes that evidence-based practice dictates the use of a transparent dressing to prevent catheter dislodgment. What should the nurse do? A. Begin to use transparent dressing instead of gauze dressings. B. Bring findings to the policy and procedure committee. C. Use transparent dressings on half of her IV starts and gauze on the other. D. Continue following hospital policy without saying anything
B. Bring findings to the policy and procedure committee. As a result of her finding, the nurse should meet with the policy and procedure committee to recommend routine use of transparent dressings. However, until the policy is changed, or the nurse receives approval to conduct a pilot study, the nurse is obligated to follow hospital procedure. If the nurse has information that can lead to better patient care, he or she has an obligation (moral and professional) to bring it to the attention of policy makers.
In conducting a research study, the researcher must guarantee that any information the subject provides will not be reported in any manner that identifies the subject and will not be accessible to people outside the research team. This concept is known as: A. Anonymity. B. Confidentiality. C. Informed consent. D. The research process.
B. Confidentiality. Confidentiality guarantees that any information the subject provides will not be reported in any manner that identifies the subject and will not be accessible to people outside the research team. Anonymity occurs when even the researcher cannot link the subject to the data. Informed consent means that research subjects (1) are given full and complete information about the purpose of the study, procedures, data collection, potential harm and benefits, and alternative methods of treatment; (2) are capable of fully understanding the research; (3) have the power to voluntarily consent or decline participation; and (4) understand how confidentiality or anonymity is maintained. The research process is a broader concept that provides an orderly series of steps that allow the researcher to move from asking a question to finding the answer.
A nurse researcher is developing a research proposal and is in the process of selecting an instrument to measure anxiety. In which part of the research process is this nurse? A. Analyzing the data B. Designing the study C. Conducting the study D. Identifying the problem
B. Designing the study During study design the researcher selects instruments to measure variables.
The nurse is doing a literature review related to a potential problem that has been identified on the nursing unit. The nurse realizes that nursing research is important in that it is designed to (Select all that apply.) A. Enhance the nurse's chance at promotion. B. Identify new knowledge. C. Improve professional practice. D. Enhance effective use of resources. E. Lead to decreases in budget expenditures
B. Identify new knowledge. C. Improve professional practice. D. Enhance effective use of resources. Nursing research is a way to identify new knowledge, improve professional education and practice, and use resources effectively. Effective use of resources does not always result in lower budget expenditures, but rather more effective use of resources. A promotion is not a direct result of research.
The nurse is writing a research article on a patient care topic. The nurse realizes that the section that will get the reader to read the article because of the value of the topic for the reader is the: A. Abstract. B. Introduction. C. Literature review or background. D. Results
B. Introduction. The introduction contains information about its purpose and the importance of the topic to the audience who reads the article. The abstract is a brief summary of the article. The literature review or background offers a detailed background of the level of science or clinical information that is available about the topic of the article. The results section is the summary section of the article.
A group of staff educators are reading a research study together at a journal club meeting. While reviewing the study, one of the nurses states that it evaluates if newly graduated nurses progress through orientation more effectively when they participate in patient simulation exercises. Which part of the research process is reflected in this nurse's statement? A. Introduction B. Purpose statement C. Methods D. Results
B. Purpose statement The purpose statement includes research questions or hypotheses—predictions made about the relationship or difference between study variables (concepts, characteristics, or traits that vary within or among subjects).
A nurse researcher interviews parents of children who have diabetes and asks them to describe how they deal with their child's illness. The analysis of the interviews yields common themes and stories describing the parents' coping strategies. This is an example of which type of study? A. Historical B. Qualitative C. Correlational D. Experimental
B. Qualitative The data in this study were collected during interviews; information from the interviews was used to describe common themes and experiences of the parents. These are characteristics of qualitative research.
A group of nurses have implemented an evidence-based practice (EBP) change and have evaluated the effectiveness of the change. Their next step is to: A. Conduct a literature review. B. Share the findings with others. C. Conduct a statistical analysis D. Create a well-defined PICOT question.
B. Share the findings with others. After completing an EBP project and evaluating its effectiveness, it is important to communicate the results with others.
When evaluating quality improvement (QI) programs in relation to evidence-based practice (EBP), it is easy to note that: A. Both are designed to improve performance. B. When implementing EBP projects, it is important to review QI data. C. EBP is not at all related to QI. D. Evaluation of processes is the realm of performance improvement (PI), not QI.
B. When implementing EBP projects, it is important to review QI data. Evidence-based practice and quality improvement go hand in hand. When implementing an EBP project, it is important to review available QI data. Reliable QI data improve the relevance and scope of an EBP project. Performance improvement (PI) analyzes performance. QI analyzes processes.
In caring for patients, it is important for the nurse to realize that evidence-based practice is: A. The only valid source of knowledge that should be used. B. Secondary to traditional or standard care knowledge. C. Dependent on patient values and expectations. D. Not shown to provide better patient outcomes
C. Dependent on patient values and expectations. Even when the best evidence available is used, application and outcomes will differ based on patient values, preferences, concerns, and/or expectations. Nurses often care for patients on the basis of tradition or convenience, or the standard, "It has always been done this way." Although these sources have value, it is important to learn to rely more on research evidence than on non-research evidence. Patients who receive care based on the most recent and best evidence experience 28% better outcomes.
The first step in evidence-based practice is to ask a clinical question. In doing so, the nurse needs to realize that in researching interventions, the question: A. Is more important than its format. B. Will lead you to hundreds of articles that must be read. C. May be easier if in PICO format. D. May be more useful the more general it is
C. May be easier if in PICO format. The PICO format allows the nurse to ask questions that are intervention focused. Inappropriately formed questions will likely lead to irrelevant sources of information. It is not beneficial to read hundreds of articles. It is more beneficial to read the best four to six articles that specifically address the question. The more focused the question asked, the easier it will become to search for evidence in the scientific literature.
A group of nurses on the research council of a local hospital are measuring nursing-sensitive outcomes. Which of the following is a nursing-sensitive outcome that the nurses need to consider measuring? A. Incidence of asthma among children of parents who smoke. B. Frequency of low blood sugar episodes in children at a local school. C. Number of patients who fall and experience subsequent injury on the evening shift. D. Number of sexually active adolescent girls who attend the community-based clinic for birth control.
C. Number of patients who fall and experience subsequent injury on the evening shift. Nursing-sensitive outcomes are outcomes that are sensitive to nursing care.
A nurse who works in a newborn nursery asks, "I wonder if the moms who breastfeed their babies would be able to breastfeed more successfully if we played peaceful music while they were breastfeeding." In this example of a PICOT question, the I is: A. Breastfeeding moms. B. Infants. C. Peaceful music. D. The nursery.
C. Peaceful music. The Intervention in this PICOT question is playing peaceful music.
The nurse is trying to identify common general themes relative to the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation for patients who have had heart attacks and have gone through cardiac rehabilitation programs. The nurse conducts interviews and focus groups. What type of research is the nurse conducting? A. Evaluation research B. Experimental research C. Qualitative research D. Nonexperimental research
C. Qualitative research Qualitative research involves using inductive reasoning to develop generalizations or theories from specific observations or interviews. Evaluation and experimental research are forms of quantitative research. Nonexperimental descriptive studies describe, explain, or predict phenomena such as factors that lead to an adolescent's decision to smoke cigarettes.
A group of staff nurses notice an increased incidence of medication errors on their unit. After further investigation it is determined that the nurses are not consistently identifying the patient correctly. A change is needed quickly. What type of quality improvement method would be most appropriate? A. PDSA B. Six Sigma C. Rapid-improvement event D. A randomized controlled trial
C. Rapid-improvement event Rapid-improvement events are appropriate to use when a serious problem that affects patient outcomes exists and needs to be resolved quickly.
A research study is investigating the following research question: What is the effect of the diagnosis of breast cancer on the roles of the family? In this study "the diagnosis of breast cancer" and "family roles" are examples of: A. Surveys B. The sample C. Variables D. Data collection points
C. Variables Variables are concepts, characteristics, or traits that vary within or among subjects.
The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic low back pain. In providing care for this patient, the nurse wonders whether the guidelines utilized for this type of pain are adequate. The nurse wants to determine the best evidence-based practice regarding these guidelines. What is the best database for the nurse to access? A. MEDLINE B. EMBASE C. PsycINFO D. AHRQ
D. AHRQ The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) includes clinical guidelines and evidence summaries. MEDLINE includes studies in medicine, nursing, dentistry, psychiatry, veterinary medicine, and allied health. EMBASE includes biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. PsycINFO deals with psychology and related health care disciplines.
The researcher is preparing to publish his study findings. In doing so, the researcher is aware of many ways that the study could have been done better, but that he did not have the ability to do. The researcher discloses these limitations in the manuscript, but they are most likely detected during which phase of the research process? A. Problem identification B. Study design C. Formulation of recommendations D. Analysis of data
D. Analysis of data During analysis of data, the researcher interprets the demographics of the study population, as well as results, including limitations. Problem identification involves identifying the area of interest and study variables, reviewing the literature, formulating the theoretical framework, and devising research questions. Study design involves selection of research methods. Formulation of recommendations involves determining the implications of the study for nursing.
The quality improvement committee has been alerted to an increased number of falls in the hospital. Most of these falls have occurred at night and have involved patients who were trying to crawl over bedrails. A literature review brought out that most falls occur because patients are trying to go to the bathroom. The committee created a practice change that bedrails should be left in the down position, and hourly nursing rounds should be conducted. What is the committee's next step? A. Evaluate the changes in 1 month. B. Wait a month before implementing the changes. C. Implement the changes as a pilot study. D. Communicate to staff the results of this inquiry
D. Communicate to staff the results of this inquiry Quality improvement combined with evidence-based practice is the foundation for excellent patient care and outcomes. Once a QI committee makes a practice change, it is important to communicate the results to staff. Practice changes will not likely last when QI committees fail to report findings and results of interventions. Once communicated, changes should be put in place as the committee deems reasonable (i.e., either fully or as a pilot study) and as soon as practical; this should be followed by re-evaluation.
The nurse has used her PICO question to develop an evidence-based change in protocol for a certain nursing procedure. However, to make these changes throughout the entire institution would require more support staff than is available at this time. What is the nurse's best option? A. Drop the idea of making the change at this time. B. Insist that management hire the needed staff to facilitate the change. C. Seek employment in another institution that may have the staff needed. D. Conduct a pilot study to develop evidence to support the change.
D. Conduct a pilot study to develop evidence to support the change. When evidence is not strong enough to apply in practice, or if resources are limited, the next option is to conduct a pilot study to investigate the PICO question. Dropping the idea would be counterproductive; insisting that management hire staff could be seen as a mandate and could produce negative results. Seeking employment at another institution most likely would not be the answer because most institutions operate under similar established guidelines.
A nurse is providing care to a patient who is experiencing major abdominal trauma following a car accident. The patient is losing blood quickly and needs a blood transfusion. The nurse finds out that the patient is a Jehovah's Witness and cannot have blood transfusions because of religious beliefs. He or she notifies the patient's health care provider and receives an order to give the patient an alternative to blood products. This is an example of: A. A qualified improvement study. B. An evidence-based practice change. C. A time when calling the hospital's ethics committee is essential. D. Considering the patient's preferences and values while providing care.
D. Considering the patient's preferences and values while providing care. Providing evidence-based practice requires that you take the patient's values and beliefs into consideration while providing care.
When recruiting subjects to participate in a study about the effects of an exercise program on balance, the researcher provides full and complete information about the purpose of the study and gives the subjects the choice to participate or not participate in the study. This is an example of: A. Bias. B. Anonymity. C. Confidentiality. D. Informed consent.
D. Informed consent. The process of informed consent includes providing research subjects full disclosure about the study and provides the subject the opportunity to participate or not to participate in the study.
Nurses on a pediatric nursing unit are discussing ways to improve patient care. One nurse asks a colleague, "I wonder how best to measure pain in a child who has sickle cell disease?" This question is an example of a/an: A. Hypothesis. B. PICOT question. C. Problem-focused trigger. D. Knowledge-focused trigger.
D. Knowledge-focused trigger. Knowledge-focused triggers are questions about information available on a specific topic.
The quality improvement committee is examining an increase in medication errors on a particular unit. In conducting its analysis, what should be the committee's primary focus? A. Nurses who administer the medications B. Pharmacy that prepares the medications C. Secretaries who enter the orders D. None of the above
D. None of the above. A well-organized QI program focuses on systems that significantly contribute to outcomes, not on individuals. Therefore, the entire process needs to be evaluated to determine effectiveness.
A nurse researcher conducts a study that randomly assigns 100 patients who smoke and attend a wellness clinic into two groups. One group receives the standard smoking cessation handouts; the other group takes part in a new educational program that includes a smoking cessation support group. The nurse plans to compare the effectiveness of the standard treatment with the educational program. What type of a research study is this? A. Qualitative B. Descriptive C. Correlational D. Randomized controlled trial
D. Randomized controlled trial This is a randomized controlled trial because patients are randomly assigned into the control or treatment group.
Qualitative nursing research is valuable in that it: A. Excludes all bias. B. Uses randomization in structure. C. Determines associations between variables and conditions. D. Studies phenomena that are difficult to quantify.
D. Studies phenomena that are difficult to quantify. Qualitative nursing research is the study of phenomena that are difficult to quantify or categorize, such as patients' perceptions of illness. No study can totally exclude bias. However, randomization, such as that used in randomized control studies, helps. Qualitative nursing research does not usually randomize its subjects. Control studies determine whether there is an association between one or more predictor variables and the condition.
