Chapter 5 Psych of Adjustment

Determinants of Obesity

1. Obesity 2. Excessive eating and inadequate exercise 3. Set point

drug that tends to increase central nervous system and behavioral activity

Stimulant

Who aimed to answer the question of what causes heart disease by investigating the causes of coronary disease (the most common form of heart disease-90%)? What did they find?

Friedman & Rosenman Stress is highly correlated to the development of Heart Diseases

Atherosclerosis

a gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries, usually caused by a buildup of fatty deposits and other debris on the inner walls

hostility

a persistent negative attitude marked by cynical, mistrusting thoughts, feelings of anger, and overtly aggressive actions.

___________ physicians tend to be more patient-centered, spend more time with patients, ask more questions, and make more effort to establish a behavioral partnership with their patients than their ___________ counterparts. a. Female; male b. Male; female c. Older; younger d. Younger; older

a. Female; male

Which of the following people is MOST likely to have reduced immune system functioning? a. Rosa, who cares for her autistic son b. Clint, whose wife passed away c. April, whose truck was repossessed by the bank d. Mike, who lost his home in a hurricane

a. Rosa, who cares for her autistic son

Work on stress and the human immune system have uncovered which of the following trends? a. Stress is related to decreased levels of immune activity. b. Stress is related to increased levels of immune activity. c. Stress is unrelated to immune activity in humans. d. Acute stress affects immune activity but not chronic stress.

a. Stress is related to decreased levels of immune activity.

Research by Cohen has shown that people who are ___________ are at lower risk of contracting a cold after virus exposure. a. agreeable b. Type A c. Type B d. narcissistic

a. agreeable

The use of sedatives may result in personal injury because they a. cause motor coordination to deteriorate. b. enhance motor coordination too much, making people overconfident about their abilities. c. suppress pain warnings of physical harm. d. trigger hallucinations such as flying.

a. cause motor coordination to deteriorate.

Research presented in your text reports that for heterosexual relations, male-to-female transmission of the HIV virus is estimated to be ______________ relative to female-to-male transmission. a. eight times more likely b. eight times less likely c. of equal likelihood d. relatively uncommon

a. eight times more likely

Regarding the seeking of medical treatment, the biggest problem is a. the tendency of many people to delay seeking treatment. b. the tendency of many people to rush too quickly for medical care for minor problems. c. not having enough doctors to cover peoples' needs. d. the tendency of people in higher socioeconomic categories to exaggerate their symptoms.

a. the tendency of many people to delay seeking treatment.

disease, caused by a virus, that greatly weakens and destroys the body's resistance to infection

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Estimates presented in your textbook reveal that the health risks associated with smoking decrease and finally reach a normal level after approximately _____ years of not smoking. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20

c. 15 - if people can give up smoking, their health risks decline reasonably quickly - Five years after people stop smoking, their health risk is already noticeably lower than that for people who continue to smoke. - The health risks for people who give up tobacco continue to decline until they reach a normal level after about 15 years

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the body of research on the Type A personality and heart disease? a. The competitiveness facet of Type A predicts variance in heart disease better than other components. b. Studies have uncovered a correlation between Type A personality and greater incidence of heart disease. c. Linkages between Type A personality and heart disease are not as strong or consistent as predicted. d. Anger and hostility are not at all correlated with increased coronary risk in women.

c. Linkages between Type A personality and heart disease are not as strong or consistent as predicted.

results from a reduction in blood flow through the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with blood.

coronary heart disease ** causes 90% of heart related deaths

awareness that certain health-related behaviors are dangerous but erroneously viewing those dangers as risks for others (rather than as a danger for oneself)

unrealistic optimism -any of us, including you, can acquire a disease.

Which of these options do you think are potential explanations for the correlation between hostility and coronary heart risk? A. Anger-prone individuals exhibit greater cardiovascular reactivity. B. Hostile people create additional stress for themselves. C. Hostile people tend to have less social support than others. D. Hostile people have a higher prevalence of poor health habits. E. All of these options.

E. All of these options

diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning

Hallucinogen

What is Health?

Health: a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity - it's a multi-faceted and complex construct - not only are you absent from disease, but you have the presence of wellness

Difference between Health & Wellness

Health: a state of body Wellness: a state of being - you could be physically unhealthy, but well in a different way. - body may be struggling, soul could be at peace. - health is a portion of your wellness; wellness is more holistic & includes body health, mental state, soul, etc.

Which component of the Type A Personality is associated with coronary risk?

Hostility

Which element of the Type A Personality is the crucial toxic element that may be the reason for the correlation between type A personality and heart disease?

Hostility

compound related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline

MDMA

Major categories of abused drugs

1. Narcotic 2. Sedative 3. Stimulant 4. Hallucinogen 5. Cannabis

hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived

Cannabis

Non-adherence to medical prescriptions can lead to:

- Increased sickness - Higher mortality - Treatment failures - Enormous economic cost

Factors that Influence Treatment Non-compliance

- Patients forget or don't understand instructions - Difficulty of treatment - If patient has a negative attitude toward physician (doesn't trust physician) - Physician follow up

Why does Cynical Hostility & Anger often lead to Increased Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease?

1. Greater physiological reactivity in response to stress may cause wear and tear in cardiovascular system. 2. Exposure to self-imposed stress may be high because hostility and anger lead to interpersonal difficulties. 3. Hostility may undermine social support from others that might buffer the effects of stress. 4. Cynicism might lead to poor health habits, such as lack of exercise, excessive consumption of fast foods, or denial of symptoms.

Obesity is related to the prevalence of 4 common types of disease:

1. Hypertension 2. Musculoskeletal Pain 3. Coronary Heart Disease 4. Diabetes

Why do people engage in self-destructive behavior when they know it's detrimental to their health?

1. Many health-impairing habits creep up on people slowly - ex. drug use may grow imperceptibly over years, or exercise habits may decline ever so gradually 2. Many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite pleasant at the time - eating fav foods, smoking, and getting "high" are potent reinforcing events that are often encouraged/celebrated by our culture. 3. The risks associated with most health-impairing habits are related to chronic diseases such as cancer that usually take 10, 20, or 30 years to develop - it's easy to ignore risks that lie in the future 4. most people are aware of the dangers associated with certain habits that others partake in, but are in denial when it comes to applying these health risks to themselves - aka Unrealistic Optimism - "bad things may happen to other people, but not to me" this is false

Interventions that can Improve Medical Adherence

1. Simplify the Instructions 2. Make the Treatment Regimen Less Complex 3. Help Patients with Emotional Distress 4. Training Patients in the Use of Behavior Modification Strategies

Why are mortality rates higher for smokers?

1. tobacco smoke contains about 7000 chemicals, and at least 70 of the latter are known cancer-causing agents, or carcinogens 2. smokers are almost twice as likely to succumb to cardiovascular disease as nonsmokers are 3. tobacco elevates one's vulnerability to a variety of diseases including the 3 leading causes of death in the modern world- heart attacks, cancer, and strokes.

1. What portion of American adults are struggling with weight problems? 2. What BMI range is considered overweight? 3. What BMI is considered obese?

1. almost two-thirds 2. 25.0-29.9 is considered overweight 3. BMI over 30 is considered obese.

1. people with serious alc problems have ____________ the mortality risk compared to individuals who have no alcohol problems 2. alc contributes to ____% of all automobile fatalities in US

1. more than twice 2. 40%

What is thought to be the crucial toxic element that accounts for the correlation between Type A personality and heart disease? A. Hostility B. Genetic risk for hypertension C. Overactive HPA axis D. Parenting style

A. Hostility

Which personality type has a higher risk for unhealthy stress? A. Type A personality B. Type B personality Why?

A. Type A personality due to... - self-imposed stress - intense reactions to stress

Which type of patient is less likely to comply with medical advice? A. A person who is receiving short-term treatment for an acute condition B. A person who is receiving long-term treatment for a chronic condition

B. A person who is receiving long-term treatment for a chronic condition

Nonadherence to treatment has been linked to which of the following? A. Increased sickness B. Higher mortality rate C. Treatment failures D. All of these options

D. All of these options

health psychology

KNOW this: subfield concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health extra: the total of the specific educational, scientific, and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the 1. promotion and maintenance of health 2. the prevention and treatment of illness, and 3. the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction. 4. the analysis and improvement of the health care system and health policy information

What percent of college students within the last 12 months experiences "more than average levels of stress"? how about "tremendous stress"? what percent of college students described their health as good, very good, or excellent?

More than average stress 43.6% Tremendous stress 12% 84.1% of college students described their health as good, very good, or excellent

drug derived from opium that is capable of relieving pain

Narcotic

Wellness

The state of being in good health, especially as an actively pursued goal. - a proactive approach to our physical, emotional, social and mental health - all the pieces (physical, emotional, social, financial, academic, environmental, and spiritual) need to be functioning as a whole, otherwise our being will not be functioning properly. We must find balance in every piece because they're interconnected. - wellness is not merely one of factors that make up the whole, but a balance of all these aspects.

Traditionally, how has illness been perceived in the past? How is disease thought of nowadays?

Traditionally, illness has been thought of as a purely biological phenomenon produced by an infectious agent or some internal physical breakdown in the body Disease as viewed by the biopsychosocial model

collection of processes through which an organism utilizes the materials required for survival and growth

nutrition

Roberta was diagnosed with hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. Based on this diagnosis, you inform her that noncompliance rates for conditions like these are approximately ___________. a. 70% b. 50% c. 30% d. 10%

b. 50%

______________ is generally considered a warning sign of alcohol dependence. a. Knowing the names of all the distilleries in America b. Experiencing alcohol blackouts c. Drinking more than one drink at a social gathering d. Bartending as a part-time job

b. Experiencing alcohol blackouts

______________ put(s) users at a high risk of psychological and physical dependence; and, once users are dependent, they often develop a drug-centered lifestyle. a. Marijuana b. Narcotics c. Sedatives d. Hallucinogens

b. Narcotics

Will is driven to make partner at his law firm. In the morning he often loses his temper when he has to wait in line for his morning espresso. He will often insult the baristas for no reason other than his impatience and need to get working in his office before the rest of the firm arrives. Will is demonstrating which personality? a. Right-wing authoritarianism b. Type A c. Hostile d. Social domineering orientation

b. Type A

Finding physical activities that you find enjoyable ___________. a. is important because happiness increases total calories burned b. is important because it increases likelihood of regular exercise c. is irrelevant because all people are intrinsically motivated d. is irrelevant because it can prevent full exertion

b. is important because it increases likelihood of regular exercise

Research with recreational ecstasy (MDMA) users has demonstrated: a. extensive criminal histories to support their drug habit. b. memory impairments and poor performance on learning tasks. c. multiple instances of near-death overdose the first time. d. immediate deterioration of physical health, mood, and cognition.

b. memory impairments and poor performance on learning tasks

Experiencing depression ___________ a person's likelihood of developing heart disease. a. actually decreases b. nearly doubles c. does not impact d. negligibly increases

b. nearly doubles

weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared (kg/m2)

body mass index

disposition that is marked by a strong competitive orientation, impatience, and anger and hostility

type A personality

Suppose a classmate is looking to lose 35 pounds and keep off that weight indefinitely. Evaluate the following approaches to weight loss. Which would be most in line with the recommendations of experts? a. Significantly increase his/her cardiovascular exercise b. Significantly decrease his/her caloric intake c. Moderately decrease caloric intake and moderately increase cardiovascular exercise d. Significantly decrease caloric intake and significantly increase cardiovascular exercise

c. Moderately decrease caloric intake and moderately increase cardiovascular exercise

Which of the following is not associated with elevated coronary risk? a. Cynical hostility b. Strong emotional reactions to transient mental stress c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder d. Depression

c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Felicia bothers her friend Craig until he provides her a joint of marijuana. She says that she needs it to get through the day. Based on this description, Felicia is MOST likely demonstrating which of the following? a. Tolerance b. Physical dependence but not psychological dependence c. Psychological dependence but not physical dependence d. Both physical dependence and psychological dependence

c. Psychological dependence but not physical dependence

Which of the following possibilities is NOT associated with playing the "sick role"? a. Increased attention and sympathy b. Relevant excuse for failure c. Responsibility for one's condition d. An exemption from obligations

c. Responsibility for one's condition

________ _________ central nervous system activity and behavior while __________ ________ central nervous system activity and behavior. a. Sedatives increase; stimulants decrease b. MDMA decreases; hallucinogens increase c. Sedatives decrease; stimulants increase d. Marijuana increases; narcotics decrease

c. Sedatives decrease; stimulants increase

Which of the following is NOT an element of the Type A personality? a. Impatience and time urgency b. Strong competitiveness c. Steady working d. Anger and hostility

c. Steady working

In which of the following cases are people most likely to follow the instructions they receive from health-care professionals? a. When the instructions are complex and punctuated with impressive medical jargon b. When they do not fully understand the instructions but still feel the need to do something c. When they like and understand the health-care professional d. All of the above

c. When they like and understand the health-care professional

The greatest threats to health in our society today are: a. environmental toxins. b. accidents. c. chronic diseases. d. contagious diseases caused by specific infectious agents.

c. chronic diseases

Critics of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's food pyramid argue that one problem is that it ___________. a. does not take into account the gender with which one identifies b. does not take into account a person's biological sex c. does not distinguish between different sources of protein d. does not distinguish between organically and genetically modified foods

c. does not distinguish between different sources of protein

Twin studies and other behavioral genetics research suggest that a. genetic factors have little impact on people's weight. b. heredity has scant influence on BMI but does influence weight. c.heredity accounts for 60% or more of the variation in weight. d. heredity is responsible for severe, morbid obesity but has little influence over the weight of normal people.

c. heredity accounts for 60% or more of the variation in weight.

In the world as a whole, the HIV virus is transmitted most commonly through _________________; whereas, in the United States, one principal mode of HIV transmission is __________________. a. male to male sexual contact; through shared drug needles b. female to male sexual contact; through kissing bisexual men c. heterosexual sexual contact; through shared drug needles d. anal sex; casual contact with AIDS patients

c. heterosexual sexual contact; through shared drug needles

Overdose and physical dependence are not problems with __________________, but the potential to __________________ still exists. a. marijuana and hallucinogens; contract infectious diseases b. hallucinogens and MDMA; produce abstinence syndrome c. marijuana; create psychological dependence d. stimulants and narcotics; establish drug tolerance.

c. marijuana; create psychological dependence

Patients tend to show the highest levels of adherence to prescribed treatments when ___________. a. the sex of the physician matches that of the patient b. instructions are presented on iPad and then in a brochure c. physicians engage in regular follow-ups with their patients d. instructions are presented in terms for specialists and not laypeople

c. physicians engage in regular follow-ups with their patients

Even when people are discussing the same unhealthy behaviors, they have a tendency to ___________ the risks associated with their own behaviors, and ___________ the risks that root from the unhealthy behaviors of others. a. overestimate; underestimate b. underestimate; overestimate c. underestimate; accurately perceive d. accurately perceive; underestimate

c. underestimate; accurately perceive

malignant cell growth, which may occur in many organ systems in the body

cancer The core problem in cancer is that cells begin to reproduce in a rapid, disorganized fashion As this reproduction process lurches out of control, the teeming new cells clump together to form tumors. If this wild growth continues unabated, the spreading tumors cause tissue damage and begin to interfere with normal functioning in the affected organ systems -convincing evidence shows that stress & personality influence the course of the disease

What is a cardiovascular disease? who is most often killed by cardiovascular diseases?

cardiovascular disease: related to the heart and blood vessels - they kill women just as much as men - these diseases tend to hit women 10 yrs later than men bc lifestyle and physiology.

The TED Talk, "How to Make Stress Your Friend" altogether showed that...

changing your mind about how you think about stress can make you healthier because stress can be a good thing (like viewing the symptoms often associated as stress as your body helping you prepare for a challenge)

The process of seeking medical treatment includes the following stages: a. (1) Reading instructions on pill bottle, (2) following the printed instructions, and (3) consulting a physician if the instructions are unclear. b. (1) Decreased ability to engage in day-to-day activities, (2) reading resources about inability, and (3) contacting a professional. c. (1) Symptoms are unfamiliar to person, (2) symptoms do not respond to home remedies, and (3) the making of arrangements. d. (1) A determination that symptoms indicate illness, (2) that the illness warrants medical attention, and (3) the making of arrangements.

d. (1) A determination that symptoms indicate illness, (2) that the illness warrants medical attention, and (3) the making of arrangements.

____________________ is a disorder characterized by the gradual weakening of the immune system and later disabling by the human immunodeficiency virus. a. Highly active antiretroviral b. Tuberculosis c. HIV d. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

d. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Why do people tend to act in self-destructive ways? a. Because many health-impairing habits creep up on them b. Because many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite pleasant at the time c. Because the risks tend to lie in the distant future d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Instead of losing her temper on any of her colleagues, Meredith tends to bottle up her emotions and not let them out for anyone at work to see. As a result, Meredith is more likely to ____________ about events at work. a. harbor negative feelings b. ruminate c. become depressed d. All of these are true.

d. All of these are true.

Each day, Charlie goes to the neighborhood bar right after work to take advantage of the happy hour deals. He also spends the whole day there drinking on Saturdays since, as he notes, craves the taste of alcohol. On Sundays, if he does not drink a Bloody Mary or mimosa at brunch, he always finds himself shaking and sometimes he experiences seizures. Based on this description, Charlie is MOST likely demonstrating which of the following? a. Tolerance b. Physical dependence but not psychological dependence c. Psychological dependence but not physical dependence d. Both physical dependence and psychological dependence

d. Both physical dependence and psychological dependence

Which of the following risks is not typically associated with narcotics use? a. Overdose b. Infectious disease c. Physical dependence d. Flashbacks

d. Flashbacks

Which of the following is NOT identified as a common barrier to effective health care provider-patient communication? a. Pain is subjective and can be difficult for patients to describe. b. Health care providers often overestimate their patients' comprehension of health messages. c. Short medical visits do not allow much time to discuss treatments. d. Media depictions of doctors and nurses create unrealistic expectations about communication

d. Media depictions of doctors and nurses create unrealistic expectations about communication

Which of the following has not been found to be a mode of transmission for AIDS? a. Sexual contact among homosexual men b. The sharing of needles by intravenous drug users c. Sexual contact among heterosexuals d. Sharing food or a food utensil

d. Sharing food or a food utensil

Some short-term risks of alcohol consumption include all but which of the following? a. Hangovers and life-threatening overdoses in combination with other drugs b. Poor perceptual coordination and driving drunk c. Increased aggressiveness and argumentativeness d. Transient anxiety from endorphin-induced flashbacks

d. Transient anxiety from endorphin-induced flashbacks

The empirical evidence between psychological factors and the onset of cancer has been found to be ___________. a. statistically significant b. tentative due to little research c. moderate in strength d. extremely weak

d. extremely weak

If a coronary artery is blocked completely (by a blood clot, for instance), the abrupt interruption of blood flow can produce a full-fledged

heart attack, or myocardial infarction.

biopsychosocial model

holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction factors (1. biological, 2. psychological, and 3. sociocultural) - current view of illness

persistent negative attitude marked by cynical, mistrusting thoughts, feelings of anger, and overtly aggressive actions

hostility

body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances

immune response

what's more harmful- keeping emotions to oneself or expressing anger towards another person?

keeping negative emotions to oneself is potentially more harmful

What is considered moderate drinking for men? for women?

moderate drinking is defined as 1 drink per day for Women and 2 drinks per day for Men

Narrowed coronary arteries(atherosclerosis) may eventually lead to situations in which the heart is temporarily deprived of adequate blood flow, causing a condition known as...

myocardial ischemia (which may be accompanied by brief chest pain called angina, as well as shortness of breath)

negative effects of alcohol

negative effect on... - intellectual functioning - perceptual motor coordination - tainted judgement - slowed reaction time - reduced coordination

need to continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness

physical dependence

need to continue a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for it

psychological dependence

engaging in repetitive negative thinking about some event is defined as

rumination

sleep-inducing drug that tends to decrease central nervous system and behavioral activity

sedative

set-point theory vs. settling-point theory

set-point theory: proposal that the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them (and weight) fairly stable - attributes weight to specific physiological processes-- not easy to change as much settling-point theory: idea that weight remains stable if there are no durable changes in factors influencing it - (factors include: diet, exercise or lack thereof, stress, sleep) - casts a wider net than set point. - more encouraging theory to those who are overweight set-point theory asserts that an obese person's body will initiate processes that actively defend an excessive weight whereas settling-point theory suggests that if an obese person makes long-term changes in eating or exercise, that person's settling point will drift downward without active resistance

What is the most preventable cause of mortality in the US?

smoking

How much shorter is the estimated life expectancy of a smoker as compared to a similar nonsmoker?

the average smoker has an estimated life expectancy 13 to14 years shorter than that of a similar nonsmoker

progressive decrease in responsiveness to a drug with continued use

tolerance