Chapter 5 Review

How is bone similar to steel reinforced concrete?

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What are the perosteum and endosteum, where are they located and what are their functions?

Periosteum: Outer surface of the bone. Isolates and protects the bone from surrounding tissue. Provides a route and a place for attachment for circulatory and nervous supply. Actively participates in bone growth and repair. Attaches the bone to the connective tissue network of the deep fascia. Endosteum: Inner surface of bone. Lines the medullary cavity. Consists of osteoprogenitor cells. Actively involved in repair and growth.

What are the primary and secondary centers of ossification?

Primary: When osteoblasts begin to develop spongy bone in the diaphysis Secondary: Epiphysis

If you found a human bone, how would you be able to tell if the bone was from an adult or a juvenile? Also, how would you be abe to tell if the bone was once broken while the person was alive? What structures would you look for one the bone?

Something to think about.

What are the 5 functions of bone tissue?

1. Support 2. Storage of minerals 3. Blood cell production 4. Leverage 5. Protection

What are the 4 things that happen during injury and repair of bone, and what is left behind at the site of the break?

1. When a bone is broken, bleeding occurs. 2. A network of spongy bone forms. 3. Osteoblasts are overly activated, thus resulting in enlarged callused area. 4. This area is now stronger and thicker than normal bone.

What is an epiphysial plate, are they found in juveniles or adults, and why do we have them for a while?

An area of cartilage in the metaphysis also called the epiphyseal cartilage. Cartilage near the diaphysis is converted to bone. The width of this zone gets narrower as we age.

What is the process that enlarges the diameter of bone?

Appositional growth

What are the two components that convert to hydroxyapatite?

Calcium phosphate

What are the functional differences of two types of osseous tissue?

Compact bone: Conducts stress from one area of the body to another area of the body. Generates tremendous strength from end to end. Weak strength when stress is applied to the side. Spongy bone: Trabeculae create strength to deal with stress from the side.

What are the two types of osseous tissue? How do they differ?

Compact bone: Dense and solid. Forms the walls of bone outlining the medullary cavity. Medullary cavity consists of bone marrow. Spongy bone: Open network of plates

What are the epiphysis, metaphysics, and diaphysis?

Epiphysis: Each end of the long bones Diaphysis: Shaft of the long bones Metaphysis: Narrow growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

What are the two types of ossification, what are their stages, how do they differ, and what bones are formed by the two processes?

Intramembranous Ossification: Involved in the development of clavicle, mandible, skull, and face Endochondral Ossification: Involved in the development of limbs, vertebrae, and hips

How do Ossification, osteogenesis and calcification differ?

Ossification: When cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells Osteogenesis: Bone formation Calcification: The deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue

What are the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts when enlarging the diameter of bone?

Osteoblasts begin to produce matrix, thus creating concentric rings. As osteoblasts are laying down more bone material, osteoclasts are dissolving the inner bone, thus creating the marrow cavity.

What are the four cells of mature bone, where are they located on bone and what are their functions?

Osteocytes: Maintain the protein and mineral content of the matrix Osteoblasts: Immature bone cells. Found on the inner and outer surfaces of bones. Produce osteoid, which is involved in making the matrix. Osteoblasts are involved in making new bone (osteogenesis). Osteoblasts can convert to osteocytes. Osteoprogenitor cells: Found on the inner and outer surfaces of bones. Differentiate to form new osteoblasts. Heavily involved in the repair of bones after a break. Osteoclasts: Secrete acids

What is osteogenesis and osteolysis?

Osteogenesis: Making new bone Osteolysis: Acids dissolve the bones thereby causing the release of stored calcium ions and phosphate ions into the blood

What is an osteon and what does an osteon consist of?

The basic unit of skeletal bones. Consists of central canal, canaliculi, osteocytes, lacunae, and lamellae

What is the histological organization of mature bone?

The matrix Collagen fibers Bone cells

Is the bone highly vascular?

YES.