Chapter 5: Social Roles

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Egalitarian roles

(equal roles) Roles based on equality between genders.

Marital selection effect

Statistical effect in which healthier people are more apt to marry and stay married, producing the appearance that marriage benefits health

Caregiver burden

Symptoms of decline in mental and physical health common among caregivers.

What makes emerging adulthood different from adolescence or adulthood?

The age of identity explorations, the age of instability, the self-focused age, the age of feeling in-between, and the age of possibilities.

Transition to adulthood

The process by which young people move into their adult roles.

Cohabitation

living together without marriage

Alternative to marriage

couples who live together with no intention of marrying

Becoming a parent:

41% of all births were to unmarried parents.

How many births are to cohabiting couples?

58%

What is the average age of people when they leave home?

20

Stat for couples cohabiting today?

11% of all young, couples are currently cohabiting Most couples who marry today have been living together before the wedding.

Expansion of gender roles

Change in gender roles at midlife causing men and women to broaden their gender roles to include more attributes of the opposite gender.

Biosocial Perspective

Considers that a bias for masculine roles and feminine roles evolved over the course of human evolution, based on biological differences and gender roles that reflect the individual's biology, developmental experiences, and social position.

Prelude to marriage

Couples living together for a period of time and then marrying.

Economic exchange theory

Explanation of gender roles stating that men and women form intimate partnerships based on an exchange of goods and services.

Marital resources effect

Explanation that married people have more financial and social resources, so have better mental and physical health.

Marital crisis effect

Explanation that married people have not been through the crises involved in divorce or widowhood and, as a result, have better mental and physical health.

Proximal causes

Factors that are present in the immediate environment.

Distal causes

Factors that were present in the past.

Social role theory

Gender roles are the result of young children observing the division of labor within their culture, thus learning what society expects of them as men and women, and then following these expectations.

Parental imperative

Genetically programmed tendency for new parents to become more traditional in their gender roles.

Crossover of gender roles

Hypothesized change in gender roles at midlife causing women to become masculine and men to become feminine.

Parental investment theory

In evolutionary psychology, the explanation that men and women evolved different behaviors and interests because the women have more invested in each child than the men.

Learning-schema theory

States that children are taught to view the world and themselves through gender-polarized lenses that make artificial or exaggerated distinctions between what's masculine and what's feminine.

Emerging adulthood

Period of transition from adolescence to young adulthood

Instrumental qualities

Personal characteristics that have an active impact, like being competitive, adventurous, and physically strong (stereotypical male qualities)

Communal qualities

Personal characteristics that nurture or bring people together, such as being expressive, affectionate (stereotypical female qualities)

John Williams and Deborah Best

Psychologists who investigated gender stereotypes in 25 different countries. Students were given 300 adjectives to describe gender and they had to assign them as either male or female associations.

Role transitions

Roles are neither gained or lost; they change as the life circumstances of the individual change.

Gender stereotypes

Sets of shared beliefs or generalizations about what men and women in a society have in common, often extending to what members of each gender ought to do and how they should behave.

Alternative to being single

These relationships tend to not last long, nor end in marriage.

Evolutionary psychology

Traces the origins of gender roles to solutions our ancestors evolved in response to problems they faced millions of years ago.

Cohabitation numbers around the world indicate:

the differences in the economy, religion, partnership laws and benefits, and availability to affordable housing in each country - among other factors.

Social roles

the expected behaviors and attitudes that come with one's position in society.


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