Chapter 5: Socialization

What were Gilligan's conclusions about girls vs boys?

-Boys are socialized for a work environment where rules make operations run smoothly. -Girls are socialized for a home environment where flexibility allows for harmony in caregiving and nurturing

What concepts scene in religion are also seen in society.

-Ceremonial rites of passage that reinforce the family unit -Power dynamics that reinforce gender roles.

Provide an example of how different societies socialize young adults.

-In the UK, it is Highly encouraged students take a gap year after high school, and experience life in a new and interesting way. -In the US, it is encouraged to find work or go to college strait out of high school. Taking a year off is generally frowned upon. -In other nations like Singapore and Turkey, Young men are expected to enlist in the military right out of high school.

How does mass media influence social norms?

-People learn about objects of material culture (New technology and transportation options) -They learn about nonmaterial culture (What is true, what is important or trending, and what is expected)

What role does class play in tasing children?

-Poor families emphasis obedience and conformity, due to repetitive task jobs where these skills are useful. -Wealthy families emphasis judgement and creativity, due to their creative problem solving jobs where these skills are useful. -This means children are effectively socialized and raised to take the types of jobs their parents have, thus reproducing the class system.

What are the three stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

-Preconventional -Conventional -Postconventional

Describe his three stages.

-Preconventional: Young children, who lack a higher level of cognitive ability, experience the world only through their senses. -Conventional: In the teen years, children become aware of others feelings and take them into consideration when determining what's good and bad. -Postconventional: people begin to think of morality in more abstract terms. *Ex: Believing everyone has the right to, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is in this stage people also understand that the law is not always morally inclined.

How is school important in terms of socialization?

-Schools socialize children into behaviors like practicing teamwork, following a schedule, and using textbook. -Kindergarteners learn important skills such as keeping their hands to themselves, standing in line, and even social practices like stating the pledge of Allegiance.

What is the difference between Self development and early stages of development?

-Self development is the process by which a person's character or abilities are gradually developed. -Stages by which humans develop physically, emotionally, and mentally -Freud posited that Self development is closely linked to staged of development, like breast-feeding, toilet training, and sexual awareness

What is the Hidden curriculum in schools and what are some examples?

-The Hidden curriculum is the informal teaching done by schools. -Examples are building a sense of competition, learning that there are winners and losers in a society, practicing teamwork, following rules and expectations, taking turns, and patients.

How are Social expectations enforced culturally and socially? Provide an Example.

-Through interacting with others and watching others it is made clear what roles we must fulfill culturally, like attending school or starting a family. -Varying social classes may have different expectations for there youth. Some parents may expect their children to go to college while some expect their children to get a job and contribute to bills.

What are Sigmund Freuds psychosexual stages?

1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital

What are the five milestones that define adulthood? (According to Jeffery R Henig)

1.) Completing School 2.) Leaving home 3.) Becoming Financially independent 4.) Marrying 5. Having a child

Mead believed there is a specific path of development that all people go through, which is?

1.) During the Preparatory stage, children are only capable of imitation. They copy actions of people. 2.) The play stage, children begin to take on the role that one other person might have (Ex: Dress up) 3.) The Game stage, in which children learn to consider several roles at the same time. Ex: They would understand the different responsibilities of staff in a restaurant. 4.) Finally children develop, understand, and learn the idea of generalized other, the common behavioral expectations of general society. By this stage, one is able to imagine how she is viewed by others. From a societal perspective, to have a "Self"

What is the definition of "Self"

A persons distinct identity that is developed through social interactions.

What is a deviation ceremony?

A practice in which new members must lose the aspects of their old identity and are given new identities. -This is the first part of Resocialization -After they lose there old identity, they build a new one that matches their new society.

How do Societies way of life keep going, and how do they cease to exist?

Adults must teach a societies way of life to their new members(Children). Whatever is distinctive in that culture must be past on in order to survive. -Ex: In America, the idea of democracy and voting must be taught at a young age fo children to understand its importance.

According to George Herbert Mead, how could a person engage in this process of self?

An individual has to be able to view him or herself through the eyes of others. This is not an ability we are born with.

How do researchers measure the impact of nature?

By studying twins. Studies have followed identical twins who were raised separately. Studies have found that separated twins used the same hand gestures and facial expressions. Studies like these point to the genetic roots of our behavior.

How was Gilligan's findings an issue of socialization and not moral development?

Differences in behavior between males and females is the result of gender socialization that teaches boys and girls societal norms and behaviors expected on them based on their sex.

According to Freud, what did failure to properly engage or disengage from a specific stage result in?

Emotional and psychological consequences throughout adulthood. -Ex: An adult with an oral fixation may overeat or binge drink -Ex: An anal fixation may produce a neat freak -Ex: A person stuck in the phallic stage may be promiscuous or emotionally immature.

What was psychologist Erik Erikson's theory of personality development based on the work of Freud?

Erikson believend that personality continued to change over time and was never truly finished. His theory included 8 stages, beginning with birth and ending with death.

What are Lisa Blooms theories of gender socialization?

From a very young age, girls are told they look pretty, their hair looks nice, and complimented on their outwards appearance, while boys are not. In turn, young girls as young as 3 are concerned of their body image. Societal expectations of how boys and girls behave and what they like are different.

What was Charles Cooley contribution to sociological perspectives?

He asserted that peoples self understanding is constructive, in part, by their perception of how others view them -A process termed "The looking glass self

How did Emile Durkheim make the distinction between Sociology and Psychology?

He attributed differences in suicidal rates among people to social caused rather than psychological causes like mental health.

What did we learn from Chris Langan, whom some consider the smartest man in the world.

He was a genius with terrible social skills. He had no idea how to speak to the school system and ended up failing and dropping out. Children like him from lower income families lack these social skills to speak too and question authorities. Not even geniuses can make their way alone.

How was Erikson's theory different from Freud's?

In contrast to Freud's focus on on psychosexual stages and basic and basic human urges, Erickson's view of self development gave credit to more social aspects, like the way we negotiate between our own base desires and what is socially acceptable.

What is Socializing.

Interacting with others like family, friends and coworkers. -Socialization is a sociological process that occurs through socializing.

Why is Moral development, learning what society considers "good" or "bad", important for a smoothly functioning society?

It prevents people from acting on unchecked urges, instead considering what is right for society and good for others.

How do Self- development correlate with Self socialization

Many scholars have described the process of self development as a precursor to understanding how that "self" becomes socialized -Aka you have to understand human development before understanding how one becomes socialized

What are some examples of material and nonmaterial things?

Material: Sleeping in a bed, using a toilet, holding utensils. NonMaterial: Religion, going to school, Social media.

What is the concept of Nature vs Nurture?

Nurture: The relationships that surround us Nature: Who we are is based entirely on genetics -Our beliefs, temptations, interests, and talents are determined by these two factors.

What is Resocailization and when is It useful?

Old behaviors that were helpful in a previous role are removed because they are no longer of use. It is useful when... -A person goes to Jail -Moves to assisted living -Goes to boarding school *People have to unlearn behaviors that were customary to them

In the process of socialization, what set of new expectations ions and challenges does adulthood bring?

Partying and casual dating becomes less acceptable. Responsibility and commitment are emphasized. -Men and Women expected to settle down -Marriage and children -Focus on career path

When does peer socialization begin?

Peer group socialization begins at a young age, such as playing on the playground which teach children the norms of taking turns.

How are peer groups important to socialization?

Peer groups provide adolescences first major socialization experience outside the realm of their families. Peer groups help children develop an identity separate from their families and a sense of independence.

What was Sigmund Freuds theory about how people develop a sense of self?

Psychosexual development -He believed that personality and sexual development are closely linked, and he divided the maturing process into psychosexual stages.

How do schools socialize students on a national level?

Schools teach students about national pride. In America kids learn about democracy and voting and how to site the Pledge. Schools require history and geography. Textbooks are updated to be more objective in terms of historical events. -Schools in different cultures scoialize students differently in order to prepare them to function well in those cultures.

What did sociologist Carol Gilligan find different in her research from Lawrence Kohlberg's, when study moral development.

She found that boys and girls have different understandings of morality. -Boys appear to have a justice perspective, by placing emphasis on rules and laws -Girls seem to have a care and responsibility perspective. They consider peoples reasons behind behavior, that seems morally wrong.

How do people learn socialization, as well as material and nonmaterial culture?

Social groups often provide the first experiences of socialization. family and then peers teach us these behaviors and beliefs.

Why is Socialization important?

Social interactions allow us to see ourselves through the eyes of others, and how we learn who we are and how we fit into the world around us. We have to learn the basics of both material and nonmaterial culture. And most importantly language.

How would a Structural Functionalist say about socialization?

Socialization is essential to a society. It trains members to operate successfully in a society and it transmits culture to new generations keeping it alive.

What would a Conflict theorist say about socialization?

Socialization reproduces inequality from generation to generation by conveying different expectations and norms to those with different social characteristics.

How is Socialization being a lifelong process, seen in society?

Socialization through out the life course is determined greatly by age norms and time related rules and regulations. -Becoming school age -Entering the work force -Retiring

Though hormones and Genetics play an important role in Human behavior, what role does society play?

Sociologists would look at race, class, gender religion, etc and how these factors effected the lives of subjects.

How is socialization implemented in religion?

The United States is full of places of worship. These places teach people how to interact with religious material culture like bibles and holy water.. For some people important family structure- like marriage and birth- are connected to religious celebration.

How does the government dictate socialization?

The government establishes age norms for certain roles we must take on in society. -An adult is 18+ -65 is the start of old age, since people become eligible for senior discount - Seniors must learn Social security benefits, medicare, and senior shopping discounts -18 year old males must register into a data base for possible military service

What is anticipatory socialization?

The preparation for future life roles. -Living together before marriage -Saving money for retirement -Reading infant care books while pregnant -Looking for healthcare options

What is Socialization

The process through which People are taught to be proficient member of society. It describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept societies beliefs, and to be aware of societal values.

What would an Interactionist say about socialization?

They are concerned with face to face exchanged and symbolic communication. For instance dressing girls in pink and boys in blue, conveying messages about differences in gender roles.

What is the outcome of humans who develop with only the basic requirements for survival, but no socialization.

They have no idea how to be a person. They cannot walk, talk, or communicate. The cannot use material objects(Like utensils) or use a toilet. They know nothing of beliefs, values, and norms. Without demonstration to learn, the only concepts they can grasp and demonstrate are instinctual.

What are the benefits of Institutional agents like school and work?

They teach people how to behave in and navigate these systems which is a part of our culture. Other institutions like media contributors to socialization by giving us messages about norms and expectations.

What does family teach us in terms of socialization?

They teach us what we need to know as children. How to use objects, how to relate to others, and how the world works (what is real and what is imagined)

What is the difference between Sociology and Psychology?

While both disciplines are interested in human behavior, Psychologists are focused on how the mind influences behavior, and sociologists study the role of society in shaping behavior

How is socialization implemented in the Workplace?

Workers require new socialization into a workplace in terms of both material culture (How to work a copy machine) and nonmaterial culture (How to speak to the boss). In modern culture, it's normal to switch jobs every few years. This means people must become socialized to and socialized by a variety of work environments.