Chapter 5 -- STIs

A nurse is providing care to a client with pediculosis pubis. Which information would the nurse include when teaching the client about this condition? "Take the antibiotic until you feel better." "Wash your bed linens in bleach and cold water." "Your partner doesn't need treatment at this time." "Remove the nits with a fine-toothed comb."

"Remove the nits with a fine-toothed comb." The nurse should instruct the client to remove the nits from the hair using a fine-toothed comb. Permethrin cream and lindane shampoo are used as treatment, not antibiotics. Bedding and clothing should be washed in hot water to decontaminate it. Sexual partners should be treated also, as well as family members who live in close contact with the infected person.

A nurse is reading a journal article about chlamydia. The nurse would expect to find that what percentage of women are asymptomatic when infected with chlamydia? 30% 50% 70% 90%

70% Asymptomatic infection is common among both men and women, affecting 50% and 70%, respectively.

A nurse is preparing for a class discussion on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to be given at a local high school. Which would the nurse include as a discussion priority? Adults aged 21 to 30 years are at greater risk of contracting an STI. Adolescents and young adults are the largest age group diagnosed with an STI. College students are more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors leading to an STI. More single mothers are diagnosed with an STI causing sterility.

Adolescents and young adults are the largest age group diagnosed with an STI. Individuals aged 15 to 24 years represent almost half of all cases of new STIs. Four in ten sexually active teen girls, not single mothers, have an STI that can cause infertility. In the United States, teens who are sexually active, not college-aged students, experience high rates of STIs.

A nurse is engaged in primary prevention activities for HPV. The nurse would be most likely involved with which activity? administering HPV vaccine teaching about the importance of regular Pap smears educating about HPV testing in women over age 30 encouraging treatment for genital warts

administering HPV vaccine Primary prevention is aimed at preventing the disease or condition before it occurs, so giving the HPV vaccine would be a primary prevention activity. If the woman does not receive primary prevention with the vaccine, then secondary prevention would focus on education about the importance of receiving regular Pap smears and, for women over age 30, including an HPV test to determine whether the woman has a latent high-risk virus that could lead to precancerous cervical changes.

Which medications are appropriate to treat chlamydia trachomatis? Select all that apply. azithromycin ofloxacin valacyclovir doxycycline acyclovir

azithromycin ofloxacin doxycycline Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial infection and treatable with azithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and ofloxacin antibiotics.

The client is single, admits to not using condoms during sexual intercourse, and has had multiple partners over the past year. Which symptoms would alert the nurse to a possible gonorrheal infection? Select all that apply. dysuria abnormal uterine bleeding mild sore throat abnormal vaginal discharge nonpalpable lymph nodes

dysuria abnormal uterine bleeding mild sore throat abnormal vaginal discharge Assessment findings for gonorrhea may include: abnormal vaginal discharge, dysuria, abnormal vaginal bleeding, enlarged lymph nodes locally, PID, mild sore throat (for pharyngeal gonorrhea), and rectal infection (itching, soreness, bleeding, discharge).

A nurse needs to assess a female client for primary stage herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. For which symptom related to this condition should the nurse assess? rashes on the face yellow-green vaginal discharge loss of hair or alopecia genital vesicular lesions

genital vesicular lesions Genital herpes simplex is characterized by lesions, frequently located on the vulva, vagina, and perineal areas. Rashes on the face are not symptoms of HSV. Alopecia is one of the symptoms of syphilis not of primary HSV. Vaginal discharge during the primary stage of herpes is mucopurulent not yellow-green.

A nurse in the sexual health clinic assesses a female client and notes wart-like lesions on the genital area and rectum. Which diagnosis best correlates with these findings? trichomoniasis infection human papillomavirus syphilis genital herpes

human papillomavirus HPV presents itself with wart-like lesions that are soft, moist, or flesh colored and appear on the vulva and cervix, and inside and surrounding the vagina and anus. The other diagnoses do not present with wart-like lesions.

Copious amounts of frothy, greenish vaginal discharge would be a symptom of which infection? candidasis Gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis gonorrhea trichomoniasis

trichomoniasis The discharge associated with infection caused by Trichomonas organisms is homogenous, greenish gray, watery, and frothy or purulent. The discharge associated with candidiasis is thick, white, and resembles cottage cheese in appearance while that associated with infection due to G. vaginalis is thin and grayish white, with a marked fishy odor. With gonorrhea, vaginal discharge is purulent when present but, in many women, gonorrhea produces no symptoms.

A client with a family history of cervical cancer is to undergo a Pap test. During the client education, what group should the nurse include as at risk for cervical cancer? clients with irregular menstrual cycles clients who have not had babies clients who have genital warts clients with fibrocystic breast disease

clients who have genital warts The presence of genital warts (condyloma) increases the risk of developing cervical cancer. Women with metrorrhagia or irregular menstrual cycles are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer, not cervical cancer. Clients who have never had a baby or those with a history of fibrocystic breast disease have an increased risk of developing breast cancer, but not cervical cancer.

A young woman comes to the walk-in clinic seeking treatment for chronic chlamydia trachomatis. Which finding is most likely because it often correlates with this diagnosis? gonorrhea anemic disorder liver disease central nervous system disorder

gonorrhea There is a common co-infection of chlamydia and gonorrhea when chlamydia is not treated with the necessary antibiotic medication combination. Anemia does not correlate with chlamydia, and there is no evidence that it precipitates liver disease. CNS disorders would be from syphilis.

Which medication is the most effective treatment for trichomoniasis? metronidazole penicillin G benzathine doxycycline azithromycin

metronidazole The most effective treatment for trichomoniasis is metronidazole and tinidazole. Penicillin G benzathine is used for syphilis. Doxycycline and azithromycin are used in the treatment of chlamydia.

A client has presented reporting symptoms that suggest a gonorrheal infection. After laboratory testing confirms this diagnosis, the nurse anticipates that the client will also be treated for which infection? chlamydia HPV syphilis candidiasis

chlamydia The CDC recommends that any client being treated for gonorrhea should also be treated for chlamydia due to the common occurrence of co-infection of these two organisms.

What is the medication of choice for early syphilis? penicillin G benzathine doxycycline tetracycline ceftriaxone

penicillin G benzathine A single dose of penicillin G benzathine intramuscular injection is the medication of choice for early syphilis or early latent syphilis of less than 1 year's duration. Clients who are allergic to penicillin are usually treated with doxycycline or tetracycline. Ceftriaxone is not the medication of choice for syphilis.

A female client is prescribed metronidazole for the treatment of trichomoniasis. Which instruction should the nurse give the client undergoing treatment? Avoid extremes of temperature to the genital area. Use condoms during sex. Increase fluid intake. Avoid alcohol.

Avoid alcohol. The nurse should counsel the client taking metronidazole to avoid alcohol during the treatment because mixing the two causes severe nausea and vomiting. Avoiding extremes of temperature to the genital area is a requirement for clients with genital ulcers, not trichomoniasis. The nurse should instruct the client to avoid sex, regardless of using condoms, until she and her sex partners are cured, that is, when therapy has been completed and both partners are symptom-free. It is not required to increase fluid intake during treatment.

A nurse who is conducting sessions on preventing the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) discovers that there is a very high incidence of hepatitis B in the community. Which measure should the nurse take to ensure the prevention of the disease? Ensure that the drinking water is disease free. Instruct people to get vaccinated for hepatitis B. Educate about risks of injecting drugs. Educate teenagers to delay onset of sexual activity.

Instruct people to get vaccinated for hepatitis B. The nurse should instruct all community members to get vaccinated for prevention of hepatitis B. Ensuring that drinking water is disease free and educating people about the risks involved with injecting drugs may help prevent hepatitis A, not hepatitis B. Delaying the start of sexual activity by teenagers may not protect them from hepatitis B in the long run.

A client presents with vulvar itching and diffuse green vaginal discharge. Upon evaluation, she is prescribed metronidazole. What is the paramount nursing intervention in discharge planning? Instruct the client not to drink alcohol with this treatment. Counsel the client to refrain from sex for one week. Advise the client to take medication with a glass of milk. Reassure the client further STI testing is not indicated.

Instruct the client not to drink alcohol with this treatment. While counseling to abstain from sex for one week is appropriate, the most important intervention is counseling to avoid alcohol during metronidazole treatment. Alcohol consumption while taking metronidazole creates a severe gastrointestinal reaction of nausea, vomiting, and flushing. Metronidazole does not have to be taken with milk, and further STI testing is indeed recommended with the diagnosis of an STI.

A nurse is presenting a program for a local women's group about STIs. When describing the information, the nurse would identify which infection as the most common cause of vaginal discharge? candidiasis syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia

candidiasis Although vaginal discharge can occur with any STI, genital/vulvovaginal candidiasis is one of the most common causes of vaginal discharge. It is also referred to as yeast, monilia, and a fungal infection. It is not considered an STI because candida is a normal constituent in the vagina and becomes pathogenic only when the vaginal environment becomes altered.

Which finding would the nurse most likely find in a male diagnosed with a chlamydia trachomatis infection? erectile dysfunction dysuria painful ejaculation hematuria

dysuria A male with the diagnosis of chlamydia will first experience dysuria as the primary symptom. The other symptoms listed do not correlate to men with the diagnosis of chlamydia.

Clients who have had PID are prone to which complication? ectopic pregnancy multiple gestation ovarian cancer inguinal lymphadenopathy

ectopic pregnancy All clients who have had PID need to be informed of the signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy because they are prone to this complication.

When developing a program for STI prevention, which action would need to be done first? educating on how to promote sexual health getting individuals to change their behaviors increasing the availability of resources interfering with the mode of transmission

educating on how to promote sexual health The key to successful treatment and prevention of STIs is education to promote sexual health. Behavior changes, increasing the availability of resources, and interfering with modes of transmission are important, but all of these require education.

A nurse is developing a program for the community on preventing STIs. Which measure would be most effective for a nurse to utilize? education to promote sexual health getting individuals to change their behaviors increasing the availability of resources interfering with the mode of transmission

education to promote sexual health The key to successful treatment and prevention of STIs is education to promote sexual health. Behavior changes, increasing the availability of resources, and interfering with modes of transmission are important, but all of these require education.

What is the most common viral infection? human papillomavirus (HPV) gonorrhea chlamydia trichomoniasis

human papillomavirus (HPV) HPV infection is the most common viral infection. Millions of Americans are infected with HPV, many unaware that they carry the virus.

A male client appears in the walk-in clinic and requests treatment for trichomoniasis as his girlfriend was recently diagnosed with it. What medication would the health care provider most likely prescribe? metronidazole acyclovir clotrimazole penicillin G

metronidazole Trichomoniasis is a common vaginal infection with the therapeutic management of metronidazole or tinidazole for both partners. Trichomoniasis is a common, curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasitic protozoa called Trichomonas.

Which finding would alert the nurse to suspect that a client has a yeast infection? changes in skin color vulvar burning and itching lymphadenopathy acidic vaginal secretions

vulvar burning and itching The primary symptom of a yeast infection is burning and itching on the vulva or in the vagina. Acidic vaginal secretions are not the primary symptoms of a yeast infection. Skin changes and lymphadenopathy may occur in the breast and require a follow up for breast exam; however, these are not associated with yeast infections.

A woman comes to the clinic reporting intense pruritus and a thick curd-like vaginal discharge. On examination, white plaques on observed on the vaginal wall. The nurse suspects which condition? trichomoniasis bacterial vaginosis vulvovaginal candidiasis chlamydia

vulvovaginal candidiasis Pruritus, a thick, curd-like vaginal discharge, and white plaques on the vaginal wall are characteristic of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Trichomoniasis is characterized by a heavy yellow or green or gray frothy or bubbly discharge. Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by a thin white homogeneous vaginal discharge. Chlamydia is usually manifested by a mucopurulent vagina discharge.

A client with genital warts is receiving treatment with a local application of trichloroacetic acid. Which client statement indicates adequate understanding of the procedure? "One or two treatments should get rid of the warts." "I'm temporarily not contagious once the warts are destroyed." "Once the warts are gone, then I know I'm cured." "My partner doesn't need to be treated."

"I'm temporarily not contagious once the warts are destroyed." Genital warts when treated chemically will most likely be eradicated after three to six cycles of treatment. Eradication does not mean the condition is cured; the person is temporarily noncontagious once the warts are destroyed. All sexual contacts of the client need to be examined and treated.

A woman seen in the emergency walk-in clinic is diagnosed with chlamydia trachomatis. She asks the nurse how this disease is different from other sexually transmitted infectious diseases. What is the nurse's best response? "This STI is characterized by an infection of your cervix." "This STI is an infection that will cause itching in the genital area." "This STI is an infection that results in ulcers in the genital area." "This STI is an infection that will result in the formation of genital warts."

"This STI is characterized by an infection of your cervix." STIs like chlamydia result in a cervicitis that implies the presence of inflammation or infection of the cervix. It produces quantities of purulent discharge. Cervicitis is usually caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia. Chlamydia will not produce ulcers or warts and is not a STI that has itching associated with it.

Which instruction should the nurse give to a client with genital herpes to help control the infection? Avoid sexual contact until sores heal. Apply antibacterial medication. Avoid people with upper respiratory infections. Apply imiquimod cream.

Avoid sexual contact until sores heal. The nurse should instruct the client to avoid sexual contact until sores heal completely and new skin forms. Application of antibacterial medication is suggested for wounds in case of lymphedema. Clients with HIV are advised to avoid people with upper respiratory infections. Application of imiquimod cream is suggested for clients infected with human papillomavirus.

A nurse is caring for a client with vaginitis. What instructions should the nurse provide to the client to prevent recurrent vaginal infections? Select all that apply Avoid using deodorant tampons. Clean the perineal area from back to front. Avoid the use of colored toilet tissue. Wear only cotton panties and ventilated pantyhose. Take a bubble bath once a week.

Avoid using deodorant tampons. Avoid the use of colored toilet tissue. Wear only cotton panties and ventilated pantyhose.

An HIV-positive client who is on antiretroviral therapy reports anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Which suggestion should the nurse offer the client to cope with this condition? Use high-protein supplements. Eat dry crackers after meals. Limit number of meals to three a day. Constantly drink fluids while eating.

Use high-protein supplements. The nurse should instruct the client to use high-protein supplements to provide quick and easy protein and calories. The nurse should also instruct the client to eat dry crackers upon arising, not after every meal, and to eat six small meals a day, not three. Drinking fluids constantly while eating is not recommended. The nurse should instruct the client to separate the intake of food and fluids.

A client has been admitted with primary syphilis. Which signs or symptoms should the nurse expect to see with this diagnosis? a painless genital ulcer that appeared about 3 weeks after unprotected sex copper-colored macules on the palms and soles that appeared after a brief fever patchy hair loss and red, broken skin involving the scalp, eyebrows, and beard areas one or more flat, wartlike papules in the genital area that are sensitive to touch

a painless genital ulcer that appeared about 3 weeks after unprotected sex A painless genital ulcer is a symptom of primary syphilis. Macules on the palms and soles after fever are indicative of secondary syphilis, as is patchy hair loss. Wartlike papules are indicative of genital warts.

A nurse is caring for a client in the clinic. Which sign or symptom may indicate that the client has gonorrhea? burning on urination dry, hacking cough diffuse skin rash painless chancre

burning on urination Burning on urination may be a symptom of gonorrhea or urinary tract infection. A dry, hacking cough is a sign of a respiratory infection, not gonorrhea. A diffuse rash may indicate secondary stage syphilis. A painless chancre is the hallmark of primary syphilis. It appears wherever the organisms enter the body, such as on the genitalia, anus, or lips.

The nurse is preparing a presentation for a local community group about sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Which most common STI in the United States would the nurse expect to include? gonorrhea chlamydia syphilis genital herpes

chlamydia Chlamydia is the most common and fastest-spreading bacterial STI in the United States, with 2.8 million new cases occurring each year. Gonorrhea is the second most frequently reported communicable disease in the U.S. The incidence of syphilis had been increasing for the past 6 years. One in five people older than age 12 is infected with the virus that causes genital herpes.

A client is experiencing situational low self-esteem about acquiring a sexually transmitted infection. Which nursing intervention may help foster the client's self-esteem? Explain the cause of the sexually transmitted infection (STI). Provide the client with a telephone number for obtaining accurate information. Affirm the client's good judgment in seeking treatment. Schedule an appointment for follow-up care.

Affirm the client's good judgment in seeking treatment. The nurse should affirm the client's good judgment in seeking treatment. Acknowledging positive action helps increase the client's self-esteem. Explaining the cause of the STI and how to avoid potential consequences or complications dispels inaccurate beliefs and misconceptions and helps the client to acquire realistic information. It does not help the client's self-esteem to be positive. Providing the client with a telephone number for obtaining objective and authoritative information helps the client to ask more questions about an STI and its treatment. Medical follow-up promotes compliance with therapeutic regimen and does not help the client's self-esteem to be positive.

A client is being discharged from the gynecological unit after treatment for an acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). What priority instruction regarding disease management should the nurse include? Provide the client with brochures on sexually transmitted disease prevention. Arrange for follow-up visits to her health care provider. Discuss the necessity of completing the antibiotic therapy. Refer the client to the women's sexual health clinic.

Discuss the necessity of completing the antibiotic therapy. It is the priority that the client understands the need to finish the antibiotic therapy required to treat PID in order to eradicate the offending bacterial infection. The STI brochures may be appropriate, but they are not the priority and neither is arranging for follow-up health care provider visits. If the client can access the women's health clinic, a referral can be made, but it is not the priority.

Which instruction should be given to a woman newly diagnosed with genital herpes? Obtain a Papanicolaou (Pap) test every 3 years. Have your partner use a condom when lesions are present. Use a water-soluble lubricant for relief of pruritus. Limit stress and emotional upset as much as possible.

Limit stress and emotional upset as much as possible. Stress, anxiety, and emotional upset seem to predispose a client to recurrent outbreaks of genital herpes. Sexual intercourse should be avoided during outbreaks, and a condom should be used between outbreaks; it is not known whether the virus can be transmitted at this time. During an outbreak, creams and lubricants should be avoided because they may prolong healing. Because a relationship has been found between genital herpes and cervical cancer, a Pap test is recommended every year.

A client, diagnosed with genital herpes, asks the nurse, "What is the best treatment for me to cure this disease?" What is the nurse's most appropriate response? "A drug called penicillin G benzathine will be prescribed for the cure." "Treatment with the drug acyclovir will cure this disease." "There is no cure, but medication can suppress the symptoms." "Using a medicated antifungal vaginal cream is best to cure this disease."

"There is no cure, but medication can suppress the symptoms." There is no cure. Antiviral drugs like acyclovir are used to treat genital herpes, assist in the prevention of a recurrence, and attempt to suppress the virus. The antiviral drugs do not cure but just control symptoms. Neither antibiotics nor antifungal medications will be effective for this virus.

A parent at an educational session on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) asks the nurse if there are vaccines available to prevent STIs. What is the nurse's best response? "Researchers have developed a vaccine to prevent human immunodeficiency virus." "There is a vaccine to prevent herpes simplex virus." "A vaccine has been approved vaccines to prevent the human papillomavirus." "At present there are no vaccines available to prevent STIs."

"A vaccine has been approved vaccines to prevent the human papillomavirus." Vaccine-preventable STIs can be effectively prevented through preexposure vaccination. Vaccines are under development or are undergoing clinical trials for certain STIs, including HIV and HSV. The only vaccines currently available are for prevention of HAV, HBV, and HPV infection. Vaccination efforts focus largely on integrating the use of these available vaccines into STI prevention and treatment activities.

A 24-year-old woman has presented to an inner city free clinic because of the copious, foul vaginal discharge that she has had in recent days. Microscopy has confirmed the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis. What is the woman's most likely treatment and prognosis? Abstinence will be required until the infection resolves, since treatments do not yet have proven efficacy. Oral antibiotics can prevent complications such as infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease. Antifungal medications are effective against the anovulation and risk of HIV that accompany the infection. Vaginal suppositories and topical ointments can provide symptom relief but cannot eradicate the microorganism.

Oral antibiotics can prevent complications such as infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease. The treatment of choice for Trichomonas vaginalis is oral metronidazole or tinidazole, medications that are effective against anaerobic protozoans. Antifungals are not a relevant treatment and eradication of the infection is possible with treatment.

A 24-year-old female presents with vulvar pruritus accompanied by irritation, pain on urination, erythema, and an odorless, thick, acid vaginal discharge. She denies sexual activity during the last six months. Her records show that she has diabetes mellitus and uses oral contraceptives. Which category of antimicrobial medication is most likely to clear her symptoms? an azole antifungal agent a penicillin antibiotic a quinolone antibiotic an antiviral agent

an azole antifungal agent The character of the discharge and the lack of recent sexual activity suggest infection with Candida, which can exist asymptomatically and flare up only if conditions, such as an imbalance in normal vaginal flora resulting from antibiotic treatment, diabetes, or oral contraceptive use, enable the fungus to proliferate. Candidiasis responds well to treatment with azole antifungal agents.

A pregnant woman recently diagnosed with the genital herpes virus asks the nurse for more information on the virus. Which responses by the nurse would be appropriate? Select all that apply. "The virus remains quiet until a stressful event occurs to reactivate it." "Your baby is protected from this infection by the placenta." "Many recognize they have the infection and seek treatment immediately." "Infections may be transmitted by individuals unaware that they have it." "Transmission is through contact of infected mucous membranes."

"The virus remains quiet until a stressful event occurs to reactivate it." "Infections may be transmitted by individuals unaware that they have it." "Transmission is through contact of infected mucous membranes." Genital herpes simplex is transmitted by contact of mucous membranes or breaks in the skin with visible or nonvisible lesions. Most genital herpes infections are transmitted by individuals unaware that they have an infection. Kissing, sexual contact (including oral sex), and vaginal birth are means of transmission. The virus remains latent until stimuli such as fever, stress, ultraviolet radiation, or immunosuppression occurs and reactivates it.

A female client with genital herpes is prescribed acyclovir as treatment. After teaching the client about this treatment, which statement by the client indicates effective teaching? "If I use this drug, I will be cured of the infection." "This drug will help reduce my risk for a recurrence after discontinuing it." "The severity of future attacks will be much less after using this drug." "This drug will help to suppress any symptoms of the infection."

"This drug will help to suppress any symptoms of the infection." No cure exists, but antiviral drug therapy helps to reduce or suppress symptoms, shedding, and recurrent episodes. Advances in treatment with acyclovir 400 mg orally three times daily for 7 to 10 days, famciclovir 250 mg orally three times daily for 7 to 10 days, or valacyclovir 1 g orally twice daily for 7 to 10 days have resulted in an improved quality of life for those infected with HSV. However, according to the CDC, these drugs neither eradicate latent virus nor affect the risk, frequency, or severity of recurrences after the drug is discontinued.

A woman is being treated for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at an inpatient health clinic. Which statement made by the woman shows she understands the progression of the infections? "I won't be contagious unless the infection turns to AIDS." "I will never get a break from the symptoms of this infections." "When my symptoms go away I know the disease has too." "When my T-cell count drops below 200 cells, the HIV turns to AIDS."

"When my T-cell count drops below 200 cells, the HIV turns to AIDS." After the acute phase, the infected person becomes asymptomatic, but the HIV virus begins to replicate. Even though there are no symptoms, the person is considered contagious, and the virus is replicating. When the CD4 T-cell count reaches 200 or less, the person has reached the stage of AIDS. After initial exposure, there is a period of 3 to 12 months before seroconversion. The person is considered infectious during this time.

A female client with an anal gonorrheal infection experiences painful bowel elimination and a purulent rectal discharge. The nurse would expect which finding once the microorganism disseminates throughout the body? painful joints sore throat intermenstrual bleeding painful urination

painful joints The client with an anal gonorrheal infection experiences symptoms of gonorrhea where the microorganism has invaded the rectum. After the microorganism disseminates throughout the body, the client may manifest a skin rash, fever, and painful joints. Other symptoms such as infections of the urinary tract or vagina, sore throat, intermenstrual bleeding due to cervicitis, and painful urination are associated with the organism's invasion of those structures, depending on the nature of the sexual contact.

A client at 34 weeks' gestation has recently been diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The client asks how HIV would be transmitted to the newborn. Which statement would be the nurse's best response? "It is not transmitted to your newborn as it is protected in the uterus." "The risk of your newborn being infected with HIV infection is about 1%." "It is only transmitted through the birth canal so a cesarean birth will be scheduled." "It is recommended to formula-feed your newborn as it is transmitted through your breast milk."

It is recommended to formula-feed your newborn as it is transmitted through your breast milk." An infected mother can transmit HIV infection to her newborn before or during birth and through breastfeeding.The risk of perinatal transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her newborn is about 25%. This risk falls to less than 1% if the mother receives antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy. HIV can be spread to the infant through breastfeeding. HIV-infected mothers should be counseled to avoid breastfeeding and use formula instead.

A community health nurse is conducting an educational session at a local community center on sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The nurse considers the session successful when participants identify which statement as correct? "Human papillomavirus is the cause of essentially all cases of cervical cancer." "At least antibiotics will cure a sexually transmitted infection." "Gonorrhea and syphilis are an infection seen only in men." "STIs can't be transmitted through oral sexual intercourse."

"Human papillomavirus is the cause of essentially all cases of cervical cancer." Clinical studies have confirmed that HPV is the cause of essentially all cases of cervical cancer, which is the fourth most common cancer in women in the United States. Up to 95% of cervical squamous cell carcinomas and nearly all preinvasive cervical neoplasms are caused by the HPV. Antibiotics will only cure those STIs caused from a bacterial infections. A viral STI infection is a lifetime infection. Gonorrhea and syphilis affects both men and women. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections of the reproductive tract caused by microorganisms transmitted through oral sexual intercourse.

A nurse educator is presenting to a prenatal class ways in which to prevent common yeast infections that may occur during pregnancy. Which statement made by participants indicates that the teaching has been effective? "I need to reduce my dietary intake of simple sugars and soda." "Daily baths rather than showers will soothe irritation in the genital area." "If I dry my underwear in a cool dryer, it kills the yeast on it." "Douching daily is recommended to keep the vaginal track clean."

"I need to reduce my dietary intake of simple sugars and soda." Genital/vulvovaginal candidiasis (yeast) infections nursing management includes the teaching of preventive measures to women with frequent vulvovaginal candidiasis infections, including: reducing dietary intake of simple sugars and soda; avoid douching (which washes away protective vaginal mucus); shower rather than taking tub baths; dry underwear in a hot dryer to kill the yeast that clings to the fabric.

After a discussion on the HPV vaccine with a mother and her 10-year-old daughter at a well-child visit, the nurse recognizes the discussion was successful when the mother makes which statement? "My daughter will need three injections over a 6-month period." "She will need one injection every 5 years." "One injection will give her a lifetime of protection." "She will need to get a total of two injections in the next 3 months."

"My daughter will need three injections over a 6-month period." The vaccine is administered intramuscularly in three separate 0.5 mL doses over a 6-month period. The first dose is given prior to infection with HPV. The second dose is administered 2 months later, and the third dose is given 4 months later.

At a health education class for teenagers, the nurse discusses the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia trachomatis. Which information would the nurse most likely include? This infection is the most common infectious cause of infertility. This infection is lifelong as it cannot be treated with medication. Antiviral drug regimes will cure this infection. The new recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine will prevent the infection.

This infection is the most common infectious cause of infertility. The young have the most to lose from acquiring STIs, since they may not reach their full reproductive potential. In women, chlamydia is linked with cervicitis, salpingitis, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. It is likely the most common infectious cause of infertility in women. Recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine is for the HPV STI. Antibiotics will cure this STI only.

A nurse is conducting a presentation for a local community group on sexually transmitted infections. The nurse determines that the group has understood the information when they identify which infection as the most commonly reported bacterial STI in the United States? chlamydia syphilis gonorrhea candidiasis

chlamydia Chlamydia is the most commonly reported bacterial STI in the United States. The CDC (2015e) estimates that over 3 million new cases occur each year.

During unprotected sex, a 17-year-old female high school senior has been exposed to the human papillomavirus (HPV). The school nurse would recognize that the student is at a considerable risk of developing which diagnosis? genital herpes gonorrhea condylomata acuminata candidiasis

condylomata acuminata HPV is an identified precursor to condylomata acuminata, or genital warts. Herpes, gonorrhea, and candidiasis are not likely to result directly from HPV

A client is diagnosed with trichomoniasis infection. The nurse prepares to teach the client about which medication? metronidazole penicillin G miconazole fluconazole

metronidazole Oral metronidazole or tinidazole is used to treat trichomoniasis. Penicillin G is used to treat syphilis. Miconazole and fluconazole are used to treat candidiasis.

A young woman presents with vaginal itching and irritation of recent onset. Her labia are swollen, and she has a frothy yellowish discharge with an unpleasant smell and a pH of 6.8. She has been celibate during the last six months and has been taking antibiotics for a throat infection. Which medication is most likely to clear her symptoms? azithromycin valacyclovir penicillin metronidazole

metronidazole The character of the discharge, lack of recent sexual activity, and current antibiotic treatment point to infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, which can exist asymptomatically and flare up only if conditions, such as an imbalance in normal vaginal flora resulting from antibiotic treatment, enable the protozoan to proliferate. Trichomoniasis responds well to treatment with metronidazole.

A client is suspected of having herpes simplex viral infection. The nurse would expect to prepare the client for which diagnostic test to confirm the infection? viral culture of vesicular fluid Papinicolaou smear IgG/IgM antibody testing treponemal testing

viral culture of vesicular fluid Diagnosis of HSV is often based on clinical signs and symptoms and is confirmed by viral culture of fluid from the vesicles. The IgG/IgM antibody testing is frequently done for screening purposes. Papanicolaou (Pap) smears are an insensitive and nonspecific diagnostic test for HSV and should not be relied on for diagnosis. Treponemal testing is used to diagnose syphylis.