Chapter 5

Perceptual Speed (a mental ability)

Involved in simple clerical tasks such as checking for similarities and differences in visual details.

Sternberg and the Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence

Involved three aspects of intelligence: 1. Componential intelligence 2. Experiential intelligence 3. Contextual intelligence

Space (a mental ability)

Such as the ability to visualize how a three-dimensional object would appear if it was rated or partially disassembled.

Auditory Processing

(Ga) THIS is the ability to perceive auditory information accurately, which involves the capacity to analyze, comprehend, and synthesize patterns or groups of sounds. THIS involves the ability to discriminate speech sounds and to judge and discriminate tonal patterns in music.

The 3 dimensions of Guilfords SOI model

Operations Contents Products

Two forms of factory analysis (broadly speaking)

confirmatory & exploratory

Orthogonal axes

the factors are at right angles to one another, which means that they are uncorrelated.

Crystallized Intelligence/Knowledge

(Gc) THIS form of intelligence is typically defined as an individual's breadth and depth of acquired cultural knowledge--knoweldge of the language, information, and concepts of a person's culture. THIS also includes the application of verbal and cultural knowledge (e.g., oral production, verbal fluency, and communication ability). It is commonly found that measure of THIS possess a healthy relationship (r= .5)

Fluid Intelligence/Reasoning

(Gf) THIS encompasses high-level reasoning and is used for novel tasks that cannot be performed automatically. THIS may involve drawing inferences, forming concepts, generating and testing hypotheses, understanding implications, inductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning. The abilities that make up THIS are largely nonverbal and not heavily dependent on exposure to a specific culture.

Domain-Specific Knowledge

(Gkn) THIS represents a person's acquired knowledge in one or more specialized domains that do not represent the typical experiences of individuals in the culture. THIS might include: knowledge of biology, skill in lip reading, or knowledge of how to use computers.

Broad Retrieval [Memory]

(Gr) The ability to consolidate and store new information in long-term memory and then to retrieve the information later through association. EXAMPLES: associative memory (e.g., when provided the first part, recalling the second part of a previously learned but unrelated pair of items) ideational fluency (e.g., ability to call up ideas) Naming facility (e.g., rapidly providing the names of familiar faces)

Cognitive Processing Speed

(Gs) The speed of executing over learned or automatized cognitive processes, especially when high levels of attention and focused concentration are required. EXAMPLE: The ability to perform simple arithmetic calculations with lightning speed would indicate high level of Gs ability.

Short Term Memory

(Gsm) The ability to retain awareness of events that have occurred in the last minute or less.

Decision/Reaction Time or Speed

(Gt) To make decisions quickly in response to simple stimuli, typically measured by reaction time.

Visual-Spacial Abilities

(Gv) THIS ability has to do with imagining, retaining, and transforming mental representations of visual images. EXAMPLE: capacity to predict how a shape will appear when it is rotated, or to identify quickly a known object from a vague, incomplete picture, or to find an object hidden in a picture. This capacity includes visual memory.

Architectural system

(hardware) refers to biologically based properties necessary for information processing, such as memory span and speed of encoding/decoding information. THIS is said to be relatively "hardwired" and impervious to change by the environment.

Executive system

(software) Refers to environmentally learned components that steer problem solving, provides overall guidance to the functional components. EXAMPLES: retrieval of knowledge from long-term memory, schemes (rules of thinking), control processes (rules and strategies such as self-checking and rehearsal) and metacognition (self-awareness of one's own thought processes).

Wechsler Subtests

*Information *Digit Span *Vocabulary *Arithmetic *Comprehension *Similarities *Letter-Number Sequencing *Picture Completion *Picture Concepts *Block Design *Matrix Reasoning *Object Assembly *Coding *Symbolic Search *Cancellation *Visual Puzzles *Figure Weights

Gardner's proposed seven intelligences

1. Linguistic 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Spatial 4. Musical 5. Bodily-kinesthetic, 6. Interpersonal 7. Intrapersonal

Two themes in expert definitions of intelligence (Also known as the essential ingredients of intelligence)

1. The capacity to learn from experience 2. The capacity to adapt to one's environment

Two shortcomings with operational definitions

1. They are circular. Intelligence tests were invented to measure intelligence, not to define it. 2. THESE block further progress in understanding the nature of intelligence, because they foreclose discussion on the adequacy of theories of intelligence.

The 7 primary mental abilities

1. Verbal comprehension 2. Word Fluency 3. Number 4. Space 5. Associative Memory 6. Perceptual Speed 7. Inductive reasoning

Correlation matrix

A complete table of intercorrelations among all the variables. This is also the beginning point for EVERY factory analysis.

Operational definition

A concept in terms of the way it is measured.

The Federal Definition of Learning Disabilities

A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in imperfect ability to listen, speak, read, write, spell or to do mathematical calculations. The term includes such conditions as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.

Spearman and the "g" factor

A researcher proposed that intelligence consisted of two kinds of factors: a single GENERAL FACTOR "g" and numerous SPECIFIC Factors s1, s2, s3 and so on. This technique was used to discern the number of separate underlying factors that must exist to account for the observed correlations between a large number of tests.

Factor Matrix

A table that shows the extent to which each test loads on (correlates with) each of the derived factors.

Routing Procedure

A traditional instrument used to estimate the general cognitive ability of the examinee before proceeding to the remainder of the test. The purpose of THIS is to identify the appropriate starting points for subsequent subtests.

Gardner and the Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Gardner proposed a theory based loosely on the study of brain-behavior relationships. He argues for the existence of several relatively independent human intelligences, although he admits that the exact nature, extent and number of the intelligences have not yet been definitively established.

IQ constancy

IQ remains constant with normal aging, even though raw intellectual ability might shift or even decline.

IQ Equation by Wechsler

IQ= Attained or Actual Score/Expected Mean Score for age

Word Fluency (a mental ability)

Measured by such tests as anagrams or quickly naming words in a given category (e.g., foos beginning with the letter 's').

Real definition

One that seeks to tell us the true nature of the thing being defined.

Experiential intelligence

Part of Sterberg's theory. A person is able to deal effectively with novel tasks. It is also known as creative intelligence.

Contextual intelligence

Part of Sternberg's theory Also known as practical intelligence. Defined as mental activity involved in purposive adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of real-world environments relevant to one's life.

Componential intelligence

Part of Sternbergs theory Also known as analytical intelligence. Consists of the internal mental mechanisms that are responsible for intelligent behavior. Made up of three major components: Metacomponents or executive processes (e.g., planning) Performance components (e.g., syllogistic reasoning) Knowledge acquisition components (e.g., ability to acquire vocabulary words)

Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (Pass) Theory

Pass Theory. created by Naglieri and Das; A modern extension of Luria's work. P = the selection, usage, and monitoring of effective solutions to problems. Anticipation of consequences and use of feedback are essential. THE LAST PROCESS A = THE FIRST PROCESS; THIS requires selectively attending to some stimuli while ignoring others. it also entails vigilance over a period of time. S (Simultaneous Processing)= The execution of several different mental operations simultaneously S (Successive Processing)= Needed for mental activities in which a proper sequence of operations must be followed. This is needed in remembering a series of digits, repeating a string of words, and imitating a series of hand movements.

Products (SOI MODEL)

Refers to the different kinds of mental structures that the brain must produce to derive a correct answer types of ____________: Unit, Class, Relation, System, Transformation, Implication

Associative Memory (a mental ability)

Skill at rote memory tasks such as learning to associate pairs of unrelated items.

Response to intervention (RTI)

THIS is a broader concept than Learning Disability (LD) and refers both to (1) methods for increasing the capacity of school systems to respond effectively to the diverse academic needs of students and (2) approaches for identifying LD children who need special education services. THIS deemphasizes cognitive discrepancies in the diagnostic process, focusing instead on how age-based gnostic process, focusing instead on low age-based achievement levels and failure to respond to evidence based instructional approaches.

Verbal Comprehension (a mental ability)

The best measure is vocabulary, but this ability is also involved in reading comprehension and verbal analogies.

Inductive Reasoning (a mental ability)

The best measures of this factor involve finding a rule, as in a number of series completion test.

Oblique axes

The factors are correlated among themselves. Some researches contend that THIS should always be used, whereas others take a more experimental approach.

Operations (SOI MODEL)

The kind of intellectual operation required by the test. common _____________: Cognition, memory, divergent, convergent, evaluation

Contents (SOI MODEL)

The nature of the materials or information presented to the examinee common ________________: Visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, behavioral

Galton and the sensory keenness theory of intelligence

The theory that intelligence was underwritten by keen sensory abilities. This theory influenced modern chronometric analyses of intelligence like Reaction Time-Movement Time (RT-MT). One reason for the lack of ongoing progress in mental chronometry is the absence of standardization in measurement and data analysis.

Types of individual intelligence tests

These tests account for 95% of the intellectual assessments conducted in the United States *Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) *Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV) *Stanford-Binet: Fifth Edition (SB5) *Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-4 (DTLA-4) *Cognitive Assessment System-II (CAS-II) *Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 (KBIT-2)

CHC Theory (Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory)

This theory states that intelligence consists of pervasive, broad, and narrow abilities that are hierarchically organized These are known as Stratum III, II, and I. Stratum III = highest and most pervasive level (a single factor known as little governess ALL cognitive activities) Stratum II = capacities which reside beneath general intelligence, include several prominent and well-established abilities. Stratum I = The narrow abilities; includes approximately 70 abilities. This is constantly revised and expanded with ongoing research.

Central purpose of exploratory factor analysis

To summarize the interrelationships among a large number of variables in a concise and accurate manner as an aid in conceptualization.

Number (a mental ability)

Virtually synonymous with the speed and accuracy of simple arithmetic computation.

Savant

a mentally deficient individual who has a highly developed talent in a single area such as art, rapid calculation, memory, or music.

Layperson and Expert Conceptions of intelligence (the key ingredients)

verbal intelligence, problem-solving ability, and practical intelligence.