Chapter 6-9 Government

Which of the following statements is true of a general election?

It is regularly scheduled election held in even-numbered years.

Which of the following best describes soft money?

It is the money spent by corporation on independent political activities

Which of the following is true of a purposive incentive?

It is the satisfaction gained from being in a group that stands for what a person believes in.

Which of the following statements is true of a special election?

It is used to fill vacancies that occur by reason of death.

In the context of the act of moving up the primaries of certain states, which of the following was a fear harbored by many Americans?

Long-shot candidates would no longer be able to propel themselves into serious contention by doing well in small early-voting states.

Which of the following are the only states to be exceptions to the winner-take-all system?

Maine and Nebraska

When e-mail fund-raising was newly introduced, one of the problems faced was that:

Many people were not yet online

Recently, Shelly joined The Comato Group, an interest group that advocates the consumption of organic food and speaks against the use of chemicals in farming. Shelly claims that the benefits offered by the group to its members is what motivated her to join the group. The member benefits include a free supply of ingredients for organic farming and discounts on organic food products. What type of incentive motivated Shelly to join The Comato Group?

Material incentive

In 2004, President George W. Bush's chief political adviser, Karl Rove, pioneered a new campaign technique known as _____.

Microtaregeting

_____ is an indirect technique used by interest groups to influence government policy.

Mobilizing constituents

To be elected, a presidential candidate must receive:

More than half of the 538 electoral votes available.

In 1832, the National Republicans and the Democratic Party settler on a new method of choosing candidates for president and vice president called the ______.

National nominating convention

In 2008, Barack Obama's gained an edge on his rivals in part because of his superior use of ____.

New technologies

_____ maintain that the influence of interest groups on government is not undemocratic because individual interests are indirectly represented in the policymaking process through these groups.

Pluralists

_____ are representatives from each political party who are allowed to monitor voting places to make sure that the election is running fairly.

Poll Watchers

Traditionally, business interest groups have been viewed as staunch supporters of the _____.

Republican Party

In March 2010, the _____ banned earmarks that benefit profit-making corporations.

Republican-led House Appropriations Committee

The 501c's ability to hide its contributors created a new campaign-financed issue. Which of the following best describes the views of Republicans?

Republicans argued that donors needed the right to remain anonymous so that they would not have to fear retribution.

A general election is a regularly scheduled election to choose ______.

Senators

The Federal Election Campaign Act allowed corporations, labor unions, and special interest groups to _____ to raise money for candidates.

Set up national political action committees

Which of the following is an example of an ideological interest group?

The Club for Growth

What happens if no presidential candidate receives the required number of electoral votes required to become president?

The House of Representatives chooses among the top three candidates.

Which of the following statements is true of a direct primary?

The elections that nominate candidates for Congress are almost always direct primaries.

Electors are selected during each presidential election year by _____.

The states' political parties

Which of the following statements is true of trade organizations?

They usually support policies that benefit specific industries.

The District of Columbia has:

Three electoral votes, even though t is not a state.

In a semiclosed primary, _____.

Voters are allowed to register with a party on Election Day.

Which of the following statements is true of an indirect primary?

Voters choose delegates, who in turn choose candidates to represent their party.

Which of the following statements is true of a semiopen primary?

Voters request the ballot for the party of their choice, either the Democratic ballot or the Republican ballot.

Which of the following is true of primary elections?

Voters select the candidates of their party, who will then run in the general election.

A ____ candidate is one in which voters write the candidate's name on the ballot.

Write-in

The Free Soil Party organized in 1848 to oppose the expansion of slavery into the western territories is an example of a(n) _____ party. a. issue-oriented b. ideological c. splinter d. personality e. traditional

a. issue-oriented

30. Which of the following amendments gave residents of the District of Columbia the right to vote for president and vice president? a. The Twenty-third Amendment b. The Twenty-fourth Amendment c. The Nineteenth Amendment d. The Fifteenth Amendment e. The Twenty-sixth Amendment

a. The Twenty-third Amendment

48. People and institutions that influence the political views of others are known as ____. a. agents of political socialization b. media influencers c. peer leaders d. the general electorate e. deciders

a. agents of political socialization

47. In 2012, Tea Party-backed Republicans in Missouri and Indiana looked like sure bets to gain Senate seats. Missouri's Todd Akin, however, made the mistake of claiming that women cannot become pregnant as a result of "legitimate rape" and it cost him the elections. This shows that voters often base their decisions on the _____ of the candidates rather than on their qualifications or policy positions. a. religion b. perceived character c. professional background d. past winning record e. peer review

a. religion

37. In the 2006 elections, about half of the states that were using new electronic voting systems: a. reported problems. b. reported high voter turnout. c. had to conduct reelections. d. implemented the grandfather clause. e. implemented poll taxes.

a. reported problems.

Which of the following statements is true of nonpartisan elections? a. Lobbyists sponsor the major parties. b. Party identification never appears on the ballot. c. More than one candidate from a single party competes in the general elections. d. Candidates need to be endorsed by a political party. e. Party labels appear on the ballot.

b. Party identification never appears on the ballot.

Larry, an ex-serviceman, has joined the Republican Party because he believes that the party shares his opinion about a strong national defense. Larry has most likely joined the party _____. a. for personal benefits b. for solidarity incentives c. to contradict the party ideals d. for material incentives e. to contest as an independent candidat

b. for solidarity incentives

Splinter parties that develop out of a split within a major party are also known as _____ parties. a. reformed b. personality c. issue-oriented d. ideological e. conservative

b. personality

________ contends that, as a practical matter, the government is controlled by one or more exclusive groups, typically drawn from the wealthiest members of society. a. Disturbance theory b. Elite theory c. Pluralist theory d. Entrepreneurial theory

b. Elite theory

_________ contends that, as a practical matter, the government is controlled by one or more exclusive groups, typically drawn from the wealthiest members of society. a. Disturbance theory b. Elite theory c. Pluralist theory d. Entrepreneurial d. Independent expenditures​ e. None of these choices

b. Elite theory

Which of the following is true of American interest groups?​ a. ​Interest groups are an insignificant part of the American government system. b. Interest groups have become a permanent part of American government.​ c. Each interest group can only be represented by a single lobbyist throughout its existence.​ d. All the major interest groups have headquarters in Los Angeles.​ e. Interest group representatives are seldom consulted when Congress drafts new legislation.​

b. Interest groups have become a permanent part of American government.​

39. The _____ requires states to provide all eligible citizens with the opportunity to register to vote when they apply for or renew a driver's license. a. white primary clause b. Motor Voter Law c. grandfather clause d. Congressional Act e. Civil Rights Act

b. Motor Voter Law

36. For a given poll, a professional polling firm states that it has "95 percent confidence that the maximum margin of sampling error is plus or minus four percentage points." What is the firm trying to say by claiming "95 percent confidence"? a. There is a 95 percent chance that the poll is off by four points or more. b. There is a 5 percent chance that the poll is off by four points or more. c. There is a 95 percent chance that the poll is off by five points or more. d. There is a 4 percent chance that the poll is off by five points or more. e. There is a 5 percent chance that the poll is off by ninety-five points or more.

b. There is a 5 percent chance that the poll is off by four points or more.

Which of the following is true of consumer interest groups?​ a. ​They represent all trade organizations. b. They are organized to protect the rights of buyers.​ c. They are organized to work on behalf of agricultural interests.​ d. They help protect the rights of private-sector workers.​ e. They represent people who share the same race.​

b. They are organized to protect the rights of buyers.​

31. In today's presidential contests, states in the South, the Great Plains, and parts of the Rocky Mountains _____. a. swing from party to party b. are strongly Republican c. are firmly Democratic d. do not favor any party e. favor the independent candidates

b. are strongly Republican

12. In the context of public opinion and voting, women on average are more likely than men to _____. a. support the conservative values and beliefs of the community. b. believe in the conservative values of self-reliance. c. be narrow-minded and skeptical about the happenings around them. d. believe in following traditional gender roles. e. have a stronger commitment to the liberal value of community.

b. believe in the conservative values of self-reliance.

Daniel is a member of Tree for Life, a public interest group that helps protect forests throughout the United States of America. They hold many demonstrations on the importance of forests and have representatives who lobby public officials for laws that impose strict restrictions on the rate of deforestation. In this scenario, Daniel is a member of a(n) _____.​ a. ​identity interest group b. ideological interest group​ c. professional interest group​ d. business interest group​

b. ideological interest group​

51. Associates, often close in age to one another; that may include friends, classmates, co-workers, club members, or religious group members, are known as a _____. a. political crew b. peer group c. family unit d. political team e. voting block

b. peer group

the _________ is a system by which a particular interest group evaluates the performance of legislators based on how often the legislators have voted with the group's position on particular issues. a. earmarking system b. rating system c. shaping system d. mobilizing system e. none of these choices

b. rating system

. ​In March 2010, the _____ banned earmarks that benefit profit-making corporations. a. ​Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act b. ​Republican-led House Appropriations Committee c. ​Honest Leadership and Open Government Act d. ​Lobbying Disclosure Act e. ​Democratic National Committee

b. ​Republican-led House Appropriations Committee

​In March 2010, the _____ banned earmarks that benefit profit-making corporations. a. ​Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act b. ​Republican-led House Appropriations Committee c. ​Honest Leadership and Open Government Act d. ​Lobbying Disclosure Act e. ​Democratic National Committee

b. ​Republican-led House Appropriations Committee

. Interest groups may form-and existing groups may become more politically active-when:​ a. ​the number of privately owned companies increases. b. the government expands its scope of activities.​ c. the government fails and there is anarchy.​ d. the government becomes inactive in regulating certain matters.​ e. ​the private sector increases its scope of activities.

b.the government expands its scope of activities.​

Which of the following functions of political parties helps simplify voting choices for the electorate? a. Volunteering at the polling places b. Acting as the major institution through which the executive and legislative branches cooperate with each other c. Narrowing the field of candidates contesting for public office d. Informing voters of the shortcomings of the majority party's agenda e. Helping citizens learn about the important political issues

c. Narrowing the field of candidates contesting for public office

Which of the following American political parties picked up the nickname "grand old party?" a. The Socialist Party b. The Federalist Party c. The Republican Party d. The Democratic Party e. The Green Party

c. The Republican Party

57. _________ are expenditures that are not coordinated with a candidate's campaign or a political party. a. Bundled expenditures b. Dispersed costs c. Concentrated costs c. Perks​ d. Wages​ e. Earmarks​

c. Concentrated costs

28. Which of the following statements is true of the Help America Vote Act passed by Congress in 2002? a.It reduced the minimum voting age to eighteen for all elections. b. It encouraged the African Americans to vote by eliminating the poll tax. c. It provided funds to the states to help them purchase new electronic voting equipment. d. It automatically registered voters who were of voting age and had a driving license. e. It made it mandatory for voters to register through the mail-in process.

c. It provided funds to the states to help them purchase new electronic voting equipment.

27. Which of the following was used to discourage the African Americans and the poor whites from voting? a. The voting ticket b. The citizenship clause c. The poll tax d. The primary tax e. The election ticket

c. The poll tax

Unlike interest groups, political parties:​ a. ​are often policy specialists. b. ​are tightly organized. c. are policy generalists.​ d. do not compete for public office.​ e. have only a handful of key policies to promote.​

c. are policy generalists.​

Indirect techniques of influencing government policy can be particularly effective because:​ a. ​a large amount of election support is provided to public officials through indirect methods. b. indirect techniques require considerably less effort from interest groups than direct methods.​ c. public officials are often more impressed by contacts from voters than from lobbyists.​ d. indirect techniques are more well planned than direct lobbying techniques.​ e. lobbyists demand more benefits than common voters.​

c. public officials are often more impressed by contacts from voters than from lobbyists.​

​A group becomes an interest group when it: a. ​seeks to entertain its members with no broader purpose. b. ​facilitates worship and community. c. seeks to affect practices of the government.​ d. does not have political aims.​ e. has a tax-exempt status.​

c. seeks to affect practices of the government.​

8. A__________is a nonscientific poll in which there is no way to ensure that the opinions expressed are representative of the larger population being polled. a. decision poll b. statistical poll c. straw poll d. model poll e. telephone poll

c. straw poll

Lobbying refers to:​ a. ​the attempts to shape public opinion through online campaigns. b. the indirect techniques used by government officials to gain the confidence of interest groups.​ c. the direct attempts by individuals or organizations to influence administrative decisions of government.​ d. the peaceful demonstrations that are designed to make a statement about a group's interests.​ e. ​the evaluation of performance of legislators based on how often they have voted with an interest group's position on particular issues.

c. the direct attempts by individuals or organizations to influence administrative decisions of government.​

Which of the following is true of interest groups?​ a. ​They are usually disorganized and chaotic. b. They consist of a group of people sharing diverse objectives.​ c. They influence the government only through direct methods.​ d. They pursue their goals in every branch of government.​ e. ​They influence the government only through indirect methods.

d. They pursue their goals in every branch of government.​

16. What is the primary goal behind the implementation of new restrictive voting laws by states? a. To prevent the manipulation of the grandfather clause b. To increase voter turnout c. To encourage the absentee ballot service d. To reduce voter fraud e. To monitor the men to women voting ratios

d. To reduce voter fraud

Unlike private-sector unions, public-sector unions:

do not have the right to strike over wages and working conditions.

The Green Party, an issue-oriented party, did not fade into history because: a. it partnered with major parties to resolve social issues. b. it became indifferent to some of the minor social issues. c. it was formed by a leader with a strong personality. d. it believes in a particular political doctrine. e. it broadened its scope beyond just a single area of concern

e. it broadened its scope beyond just a single area of concern.

Adler, a resident of Ohio, has been elected as a delegate to a national party committee. As a member, his responsibilities will most likely include: a. providing funds for the national convention. b. writing the party platform every two years. c. drafting legislation to be introduced in the next session of Congress. d. taking part in nonpartisan elections. e. planning how to ensure a party victory in the next presidential election.

e. planning how to ensure a party victory in the next presidential election.

Since the 1970s, corporations, labor unions, and special interest groups have been allowed to raise funds and make campaign contributions through _____.

political action committees

The _________ is a system by which a particular interest group evaluates the performance of legislators based on how often the legislators have voted with the group's position on particular issues.

rating system

A group becomes an interest group when it:

seeks to affect practices of the government.

Lobbying refers to:

the direct attempts by individuals or organizations to influence administrative decisions of government.

Interest groups may form-and existing groups may become more politically active-when:

the government expands its scope of activities.

Who among the following can be considered a professional political consultant?

A media adviser

An elector is:

A member of the electoral college.

Which of the following fund raising techniques has been called "a one-day fund-raising frenzy"?

A moneybomb

Which of the following types of interest groups has other aims other than benefiting narrow economic interests?

A public-interest group

Brandon is a member of a group that plans on planting 10,000 trees throughout their city within a year. Since Brandon is an environmentalist, he feels a deep sense of satisfaction while planning the locations for planting trees, organizing events for raising the necessary funds, and helping the group gather support from the other people in the city. He feels that he will be able to make a tremendous contribution to the environment by being a member of the group. Which of the following types of incentives most likely motivated Brandon to join the group?

A purposive incentive

_________ is the apt label that has been given to campaigns that masquerade as grassroots mobilizations, but are not.

Astroturf lobbying

The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002:

Banned soft money at the national level and regulated campaign ads paid for by interest groups.

The freedom to form interest groups and to lobby the government is protected by the _____.

Bill of Rights

The _____ banned unlimited donations to campaigns and political parties, called soft money. a. Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

Beginning in 1800, the Federalists and Jefferson's Republicans held ____ to nominate candidates for president and vice president.

Caucuses

____ are party conventions held at the local level that elect delegates to conventions at the county or congressional district level.

Caucuses

_________ are expenditures that are not coordinated with a candidate's campaign or a political party.

Concentrated costs

_____ deal with problems such as sub-standard housing, discrimination in the granting of credit, and business inaction on complaints of buyers.

Consumer interest groups

Which of the following is a limitation of the convention system that was used to nominate political party candidates?

Convention delegates were rarely chosen by a vote of the party's local members.

In a blanket primary, voters ____.

Could choose the candidates of more than one party

The 501c's ability to hide its contributors created a new campaign-financed issue. Which of the following best describes the views of Democrats?

Democrats argued that anonymous contributors were simply a further corruption of the political process.

_____ are special provisions benefitting a lawmaker's constituents, also known as "pork barrel legislation."

Earmarks

In most states, the ____ provides the list of registered voters and makes certain that only qualified voters cast ballots.

Election board

Which of the following is true of the provisions under the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946?

Every registered lobbyist had to make quarterly reports on his or her activities.

The Vice President serves a term of ___ years.

Four

Which of the following statements is true of the winner-take-all system?

In this system, the candidate who receives the largest popular vote in a state is credited with all that state's electoral votes.

Which of the following is true of the right to petition the government?​ a. ​It prohibits citizens from suing the government. b. It is guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.​ c. It is a right limited to the members of Congress.​ d. It forbids citizens from demanding redress of grievances.​ e. It allows citizens and groups of citizens to lobby members of Congress.​

It allows citizens and groups of citizens to lobby members of congress

If the Senate passes a bill opposed by a group, which of the following is the next step that can be taken by the group?

It can lobby the executive agency that implements laws.

Identify a provision that resulted from the 1974 amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971.

It created the Federal Election Commission to administer and enforce the act's provisions.

In the context of American democracy, which of the following is true of majoritarianism?

It is a belief that public policy should be in accordance with the opinion of the most powerful in the nation.

_____ is a process in which the popular support for and relative strength of the political parties shift and the parties are reestablished with different coalitions of supporters. a. Realignment b. Tipping c. Dealignment d. Segregation e. Fragmenting

. a. Realignment

The _____ evaluates the claims of national party convention delegates to be the legitimate representatives of their states.

Credentials Committee

A person selected to represent the people of one geographic area at a party convention is known as a _____.

Delegate

_________ contends that, as a practical matter, the government is controlled by one or more exclusive groups, typically drawn from the wealthiest members of society.

Elite theory

In self-nomination, the most common way to become a candidate for a local government post, a candidate _____.

Files a petition to be listed on the ballot.

8. ​The _____ guarantees the right of the people "to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." a. ​First Amendment b. Fifth Amendment​ c. Seventh Amendment​ d. Fourteenth Amendment​ e. ​Nineteenth Amendment

First Amendment

The _____ guarantees the right of the people "to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."

First Amendment

The _________ included provisions requiring the disclosure of lawmakers' requests in legislation.

Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007

Which of the following statements is true of recent political fund-raising efforts?

One of the defining characteristics of Barack Obama's fund-raising campaign was its decentralization.

In which type of primary do voters receive both a Republican ballot and a Democratic ballot?

Open primaries

The attempt to learn damaging information about an opponent in a political campaign is known as ____.

Opposition research

Which of the following is an example of a public-interest group?

The American Civil Liberties Union

Which of the following is the largest and most effective broad-based agricultural interest group?

The American Farm Bureau Federation

Which of the following is an example of a professional interest group?

The American Political Science Association

Which of the following statements is true of right-to-work laws?

These laws ban unions from collecting dues from workers whom they represent but who have not joined the union.

Which of the following is a reason why interest groups get bad press?

They allow only wealthy and influential people to join their groups.

Which of the following is true of consumer interest groups?

They are organized to protect the rights of buyers.

Which of the following is true of pluralists?

They contend that no one group can dominate the political process.

Which of the following is true of tax breaks for special interest?

They do not look like government spending.

Which of the following is a purpose of interest groups in American politics?

They help bridge the gap between citizens and government.

Which of the following is true of interest groups?

They influence the government only through indirect methods.

Liason, a third party, has split the vote in a recent state election. As a result, the major party, which was supposed to win, loses and the other major party wins. In this scenario, Liason plays the _____ role. a. "spoiler" b. "reformist" c. "regressive" d. "progressive" e. "ideological"

a. "spoiler"

As the Whigs and Democrats competed for the White House throughout the 1840s and 1850s, which of the following was the common aspect between the groups? a. Both the Whigs and the Democrats tried to avoid the issue of slavery. b. Both the Whigs and the Democrats tried to avoid the issue of immigration. c. Both the Whigs and the Democrats tried to favor rural development. d. Both the Whigs and the Democrats tried to favor women empowerment. e. Both the Whigs and the Democrats tried to prevent child labor.

a. Both the Whigs and the Democrats tried to avoid the issue of slavery.

By the mid-1850s, the Whig coalition had fallen apart, and most northern Whigs were absorbed into the new _____, which opposed the extension of slavery into new territories. a. Republican Party b. People's Party c. Socialist Party d. Libertarian Party e. Democratic Party

a. Republican Party

Which of the following is an example of an ideological interest group?​ a. ​The National Education Association b. The Club for Growth​ c. The National Grange​ d. The Farm Bureau​ e. The American Medical Association​

b. The Club for Growth​

Which of the following is true of interest group representatives or lobbyists?​ a. ​Their movement between their groups' headquarters and congressional offices is restricted. b. They are frequently asked to testify before congressional committees on the effect or potential effect of particular legislation or regulations.​ c. They are seldom consulted when Congress drafts new legislation.​ d. Since interest groups are a temporary feature of American government, lobbying has not yet developed into a profession.​ e. A professional lobbyist can represent only a single interest group throughout his or her career.​

b. They are frequently asked to testify before congressional committees on the effect or potential effect of particular legislation or regulations.​

. Which of the following statements is true of trade organizations?​ a. ​They seek policies that harm other organizations instead of policies that benefit their own. b. They usually support policies that benefit specific industries.​ c. They are formed with the goal of working for the public good.​ d. They represent the people over the age of sixteen who are working.​ e. They are formed with the main purpose of protecting consumer rights.

b. They usually support policies that benefit specific industries.​

Organizations involved in _____ were exempt from the provisions of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995.

bundled campaigning

In the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission case, the Court ruled that political action committees (PACs) could accept unlimited contributions for making _____. a. ​dispersed costs b. concentrated benefits​ c. bundled expenditures​ d. independent expenditures​ e. tax exempts​

d. independent expenditures​

53. Which of the following statements is true of voters who were young when Ronald Reagan was president? a.They tend to prefer Republicans. b. They tend to prefer Democrats. c. They tend to prefer Libertarians. d. They tend to identify as Independents. e. They support the Green Party.

a.They tend to prefer Republicans.

Between elections, candidates depend on active party members to: a. participate in Web campaigns. b. organize fund-raisers. c. conduct door-to-door canvasses. d. organize speeches and appearances. e. answer phones.

b. organize fund-raisers

The _____ syndrome refers to the frequent transition of those who leave positions with the federal government to become lobbyists or consultants for the private-interest groups they helped to regulate.

"revolving door"

​Which of the following is a purpose of interest groups in American politics? a. ​They help bridge the gap between citizens and government. b. They help conduct campaigns for candidates of primary elections.​ c. They restrict citizens from taking action on various issues.​ d. T \ghey dictate the duties of government officials.​ e. ​They keep the public from interfering in government affairs

. ​They help bridge the gap between citizens and government.

To be elected as the president, a candidate needs a minimum of ____ votes.

270

Which of the following statements is true of public interest?

A clear public interest does not exist.

The _______ is a secret ballot that is prepared, distributed, and counted, by government officials at public expense.

Australian ballot

Which of the following is true of the right to petition the government?

It allows citizens and groups of citizens to lobby members of Congress.

In the context of elections, which of the following is true of the ground game?

It emphasizes the importance of making human contact with target voters.

Each state in the United States has as many electoral votes as _____.

It has senators and representatives

By the end of George Washington's eight years in office, political divisions among the nation's leaders had solidified into political parties. One such political party was ______.

Jefferson's Republicans

When the Citizens United decision was handed down, a flood of corporate cash was expected to enter the political system. The ruling did result in more corporate and union spending, but far less than anticipated because ____.

Many companies were reluctant to take stands that might alienate a large number of customers

Which of the following is one of the two umbrella organizations that includes small and large corporations and businesses in the U.S.?

National Association of Manufacturers

In the run-up to the 1828 elections, a new party known as _____ grew up around John Quincy Adams.

The National Republicans

The first step to winning an election is :

The nomination process.

Which of the following public positions is chosen by voters during a national general election?

The position of the president

Which of the following is true of entrepreneurial theory?

This line of thought focuses on the importance of leaders who establish an organization.

To run a successful campaign, which of the following is a responsibility of the campaign staff?

To persuade the voters to go to the polls

Which of the following statements is true of labor unions?

Today members of organized labor make up more than 30 percent of all wage and salary workers.

Why have candidates increasingly turned to professionals to manage their campaigns?

Today party organizations are no longe as important as they once were in providing campaign services

Unlike super political action committees, 527 committees:

We're prohibited from expressly advocating specific issues pertaining to the general public.

According to some lawyers, 501(c)4 organization could make limited contributions directly to a candidate's campaign:

Without revealing the identities of its donors.

In the context of the American political parties, the party in government helps to organize the government's agenda by: a. coaxing and convincing its own party members in office to vote for its policies. b. influencing the national party chairperson to take decisions in its favor. c. gaining the financial support of lobbyists. d. supporting nonpartisan elections. e. electing the delegates to the national party committee.

a. coaxing and convincing its own party members in office to vote for its policies.

A single-member district: a. is where voters elect one member from their district to the House of Representatives and to their state legislature. b. is represented by multiple elected officials from different parties, according to the proportion of the vote each party receives. c. does not allow independent candidates to contest in state elections. d. is where the parliament elects one member from each district to the House of Representatives. e. is where the parliament elects one member from each district to their state legislature.

a. is where voters elect one member from their district to the House of Representatives and to their state legislature.

The _____ consists of the political party leaders who direct party business during the four years between the national party conventions, organize the next national convention, and plan how to support the party's candidate in the next presidential election. a. national party committee b. political action committee c. issue advocacy group d. special interest group e. national party platform

a. national party committee

The structure of each political party's national organization includes four major elements, _____. a. the national convention, the national committee, the national chairperson, and the congressional campaign committees b. the national convention, the national chairperson, the state central committees, and the congressional campaign committees c. state party organizations, the state central committees, the national chairperson, and the national committee d. wards, precincts, state central committees, and the national convention e. the presidential candidate, the state party chairpersons, the congressional campaign committees, and the delegates

a. the national convention, the national committee, the national chairperson, and the congressional campaign committees

Party identifiers are: a. those people who identify themselves as being members of a political party. b. the members of a political party who are identified easily by the people. c. the symbols used by a political party to popularize it among the public. d. those people who associate themselves as volunteers of a political party. e. those people who eventually become the candidates for office.

a. those people who identify themselves as being members of a political party.

_________ is the apt label that has been given to campaigns that masquerade as grassroots mobilizations, but are not. a. Amicus curiae b. Astroturf lobbying c. Stare decisis d. Habeas corpus e. none of these choices

a. Amicus curiae

4. Which of the following statements is true of the generation that came of age during the Vietnam War? a. It is skeptical of American interventionism in foreign affairs. b. It believes that the federal government should step in during times of economic crisis. c. It believes that American intervention in foreign wars should be encouraged. d. It supports the Republican Party. e. It believes that the Democratic Party is concerned about the fate of ordinary people.

a. It is skeptical of American interventionism in foreign affairs.

22. Which of the following is true of Sunday early voting in North Carolina that has been eliminated? a. It refers to the practice of marching as a group to polling places at the conclusion of Sunday services. b. It refers to the practice of queuing at the polling places if the election was to be held on a Sunday. c. It refers to the practice of holding rallies every Sunday prior to Election Day. d. It refers to the practice of conducting fraudulent activity checks every Sunday. e. It refers to the practice of giving interviews by electoral contestants every Sunday to attract early voters.

a. It refers to the practice of marching as a group to polling places at the conclusion of Sunday services.

40. Which of the following statements is true of the right to vote? a. The African Americans were given the right to vote in 1944. b. Prisoners in the United States have the right to vote. c. The voting age for U.S. citizens is 21 years. d. In the United States, voters do not have the right to vote for public-policy decisions. e. The right to vote helps keep elected officials accountable.

a. The African Americans were given the right to vote in 1944.

17. Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between religious and ethnic background and voter attitudes? a. White Christian voters who attend church rarely are more likely to favor the Republicans. b. Jewish voters are strongly Democratic, regardless of whether they attend services. c. Today, the number of churches that promote conservative values is much lesser than those that promote liberal ways of thinking. d. African Americans are one of the most solidly Republican constituencies in the United States. e. Today, Muslim Americans are the most Republic religious group in the United States.

a. White Christian voters who attend church rarely are more likely to favor the Republicans.

44. In the 2012 presidential elections, Barack Obama: a. carried the female vote by 55 to 44 percentage points. b. carried the male vote by 55 to 44 percentage points. c. won the male vote by a 52 to 45 point margin. d. lost the female vote by a 40 to 52 point margin. e. won the female vote by a 52 to 45 point margin.

a. carried the female vote by 55 to 44 percentage points.

Ellaine is a member of Equal Life, an interest group. The group organizes protests and lobbies the Congress for strict actions against people who harass members of the gay or lesbian community. They have gathered many supporters over the years and plan to continue their efforts for the betterment of the community. In this context, Ellaine is a member of a(n) _____.

a. identity interest group

23. The true result of a public opinion poll: a. is a range of probabilities. b. is a single figure. c. needs to be kept anonymous. d. is not statistical. e. gives a clear winner.

a. is a range of probabilities.

15. Opinion leaders are: a. well-known people who are able to influence others. b. limited to political figures. c. limited to media figures. d. unlikely to participate in elections. e. limited to religious figures.

a. well-known people who are able to influence others.

5. Which of the following statements is true of public interest?​ a. ​A clear public interest does not exist. b. A single public-interest group usually represents all American people.​ c. All lobbying groups represent public interest.​ d. Public-interest groups do not include environmental groups.​ e. All political parties represent public interest.​

a. ​A clear public interest does not exist.

Which of the following is true of the provisions under the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946?​ a. ​Every registered lobbyist had to make quarterly reports on his or her activities. b. Anyone violating the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act could be imprisoned for up to three years.​ c. No person or organization was allowed to receive money to influence legislation.​ d. Any groups or persons seeking to influence legislation indirectly needed to register.​ e. Anyone violating the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act could be fined up to $1000.​

a. ​Every registered lobbyist had to make quarterly reports on his or her activities.

​Which of the following is true of a purposive incentive? a. ​It is the satisfaction gained from being in a group that stands for what a person believes in. b. ​It is the satisfaction gained from feeling a sense of belonging to a group. c. It is the satisfaction gained from receiving benefits such as discounts for being a part of a group.​ d. It is the satisfaction gained from making friends and associating with the members of a group.​ e. ​It is the satisfaction gained from being able to dictate the actions of the members of a group.

a. ​It is the satisfaction gained from being in a group that stands for what a person believes in.

Which of the following is the largest and most effective broad-based agricultural interest group?​ a. ​The American Farm Bureau Federation b. The National Association of Social Workers​ c. Common Cause​ d. Consumers Union​ e. The National Grange​

a. ​The American Farm Bureau Federation

32. Which of the following is an example of a professional interest group?​ a. ​The American Political Science Association b. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People​ c. ​The National Urban League d. ​The Tea Party Movement e. ​The National Wildlife Federation

a. ​The American Political Science Association

​Which of the following is true of entrepreneurial theory? a. ​This line of thought focuses on the importance of leaders who establish an organization. b. This line of thought focuses on the ideologies of an organization.​ c. This line of thought focuses on the people who are affected by an organization.​ d. This line of thought focuses on the importance of funds necessary to run an organization.​ e. This line of thought focuses on the problem of free riders who benefit from an organization.​

a. ​This line of thought focuses on the importance of leaders who establish an organization.

Ellaine is a member of Equal Life, an interest group. The group organizes protests and lobbies the Congress for strict actions against people who harass members of the gay or lesbian community. They have gathered many supporters over the years and plan to continue their efforts for the betterment of the community. In this context, Ellaine is a member of a(n) _____.​ a. ​identity interest group b. consumer interest group​ c. professional interest group​ d. business interest group​ e. labor interest group​

a. ​identity interest group

. Since the 1970s, corporations, labor unions, and special interest groups have been allowed to raise funds and make campaign contributions through _____.​ a. ​political action committees b. public advantage committees​ c. democracy-in-action committees​ d. policy action committees​ e. issue advertisement committees​

a. ​political action committees

Unlike interest groups, political parties:

are often policy specialists.

Which of the following is a similarity between the national convention and the national committee? a. Both include state organizations. b. Both are elements of the national party organization. c. Both direct the business of the national parties during the four years between elections. d. Both are organized every four years at the national level. e. Both include local organizations.

b. Both are elements of the national party organization.

Which of the following instances of the 1930s was referred to as the New Deal? a. The splitting of Jefferson's Republicans into two groups b. Franklin D. Roosevelt's programs to fight the Depression c. George Washington's farewell address that legalized slavery d. The new Republican coalition cemented by Ronald Reagan e. The support gained by the Whigs from bankers, business owners, and many southern planters

b. Franklin D. Roosevelt's programs to fight the Depression

_____ in his Farewell Address said that the "spirit of party . . . agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection." : a. Andrew Jackson b. George Washington c. Daniel Webster d. Thomas Jefferson e. John Adams

b. George Washington

Why are third parties referred to as the unsung heroes of American politics? a. They provide a major economic benefit to the country. b. They bring new issues to the forefront of public debate. c. They help the major parties win elections by splitting their votes. d. They challenge the two-party system in America. e. They eliminate the difference between the major and minor parties.

b. They bring new issues to the forefront of public debate.

The Federalists supported a strong central government that would: a. encourage the development of commerce as well as the farming sector. b. encourage the development of commerce and manufacturing. c. encourage the development of cottage industries and the farming sector. d. support the two-party political system. e. oppose the ratification of the Constitution.

b. encourage the development of commerce and manufacturing.

After the 2010 elections, many of the new Republican members of Congress were pledged to the Tea Party: a. plans of moving the Republican Party toward more liberal positions. b. philosophy of no-compromise conservatism. c. plans of reducing the polarization in Congress. d. philosophy of liberalism. e. plans of breaking political deadlock in Washington.

b. philosophy of no-compromise conservatism.

Beginning with the presidential elections of 2000, the term "red state" has been used to describe a state in the U.S. whose citizens primarily vote for _____. a. independent candidates b. the Republican Party c. the Libertarian Party d. the Green Party e. the Democratic Party

b. the Republican Party

The _____ syndrome refers to the frequent transition of those who leave positions with the federal government to become lobbyists or consultants for the private-interest groups they helped to regulate.​ a. ​"democratic doorway" b. "revolving door"​ c. "political portal"​ d. "glass ceiling"​ e. "political breach"​

b. "revolving door"​

Brandon is a member of a group that plans on planting 10,000 trees throughout their city within a year. Since Brandon is an environmentalist, he feels a deep sense of satisfaction while planning the locations for planting trees, organizing events for raising the necessary funds, and helping the group gather support from the other people in the city. He feels that he will be able to make a tremendous contribution to the environment by being a member of the group. Which of the following types of incentives most likely motivated Brandon to join the group?​ a. ​A material incentive b. A purposive incentive​ c. A solidary incentive​ d. A monetary incentive​g e. ​A tangible incentive

b. A purposive incentive​

The _____ banned unlimited donations to campaigns and political parties, called soft money.​ a. ​Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 b. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002​ c. Trade Act of 2002​ d. Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007​ e. Economic Stimulus Act of 2008​

b. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002​

_____ deal with problems such as sub-standard housing, discrimination in the granting of credit, and business inaction on complaints of buyers.​ a. ​Identity interest groups b. Consumer interest groups​ c. Professional interest groups​ d. Business interest groups​ e. Labor interest groups​

b. Consumer interest groups​

20. Which of the following was a benefit of early voting at polling places that was demonstrated in the 2012 elections? a. It allowed the voters to use absentee voting. b. It allowed election workers time to ensure that all systems were working properly by Election Day. c. It allowed the people to visit the polling place and decide the candidate of their choice. d. It gave the candidates the opportunity to meet prospective voters at the polling place. e. It allowed the election workers to carry the systems to their home where they could count the votes at leisure.

b. It allowed election workers time to ensure that all systems were working properly by Election Day.

In the context of American democracy, which of the following is true of majoritarianism?​ a. ​It is a belief that public policy should be in accordance with the opinion of the most powerful in the nation. b. It is believed to be a startlingly poor description of how politics actually works.​ c. It is believed to contain elements of truth and practicality.​ d. It contends that the government is controlled by one or more elite groups.​ e. ​It contends that the influence of interest groups on government is undemocratic.

b. It is believed to be a startlingly poor description of how politics actually works.​

24. Which of the following statements is true of voting requirements for voters in the United States? a. All voters should be twenty-one years of age. b. Voters should be citizens of the United States. c. Voters should abide by a residency requirement of at least sixty days. d. Noncitizens need to take the president's permission to cast their vote. e. To be exempted from voting, a voter needs to produce a medical certificate.

b. Voters should be citizens of the United States.

54. Which of the following statements is true of Catholic voters? a. White Catholic voters tend to identify as independent. b. White Catholics today are as likely as their Protestant neighbors to support Republicans. c. Hispanic Catholic voters tend to prefer Libertarians. d. White Catholic voters today are likely to be Democrats. e. A century ago, white Catholic voters were likely to be Republicans.

b. White Catholics today are as likely as their Protestant neighbors to support Republicans.

32. In the United States today, citizens who are at least__________years of age and who are not felons have the right to vote. a. sixteen b. eighteen c. seventeen d. fifteen e. twenty-one

b. eighteen

29. In the context of economic status and occupation influencing public opinions, business managers are most likely to: a. favor government assistance programs for employees working in business houses. b. favor tax laws helpful to businesses. c. favor the views of opinion leaders who support social causes. d. support government spending in their business area. e. support a government that provides aids to the needy.

b. favor tax laws helpful to businesses.

6. The framers of the Constitution: a. granted suffrage to all those who professed a belief in Christianity. b. granted the power to set suffrage qualifications to the individual states. c. limited suffrage to those who had been delegates to the Constitutional Convention. d. limited suffrage to adult white males and females who owned property. e. granted suffrage to all persons over the age of twenty-one.

b. granted the power to set suffrage qualifications to the individual states.

35. One consequence of the distinctive conservatism of southern white voters is that: a. the concept of a "white vote" has emerged. b. the concept of a "white vote" is misleading. c. the concepts of a southern "white vote" and a northern "white vote" are no longer different. d. the white working-class problem has been eliminated. e. support for the democrats has evolved.

b. the concept of a "white vote" is misleading.

18. Polling firms respond to the difficulties of obtaining a body of respondents that truly reflects the population at large by: a. sampling the responses of the target group. b. weighting the responses of various groups. c. randomly selecting the best responses. d. counting the number of positive responses. e. counting the number of negative responses.

b. weighting the responses of various groups.

22. ​Which of the following is true of pluralists? a. ​They contend that conflicts among groups divide a nation into hostile camps. b. ​They contend that no one group can dominate the political process. c. They state that politics is the result of collaboration of interest groups and not competition among them.​ d. They contend that the influence of interest groups on government is undemocratic.​ e. They state that politics is the governance of a country by established laws.​

b. ​They contend that no one group can dominate the political process.

In the context of how American political parties are actually structured, identify an accurate statement about the structure of American political parties. a. The party structure has a central power and a direct chain of command. b. The party structure is organized in such a way that the all party members are at the same level. c. The party structure is fragmented and decentralized. d. The party structure is fashioned in such a way that a single individual or group can direct all party members. e. The party structure is closely knit or highly organized.

c. The party structure is fragmented and decentralized.

A party known as Women-Centric was formed with the vision of highlighting the need for increase in women employment. This initiative was taken when the ratio of men to women employment saw a massive decrease in the country of Kuranata. This form of third party is referred to as: a. a splinter party. b. a traditional party. c. an issue-oriented party. d. a personality party. e. an ideological party.

c. an issue-oriented party.

The growing detachment of voters from both major political parties is known as _____. a. tipping b. segregation c. dealignment d. political polarization e. realignment

c. dealignment

The Neutral Party, a major political party nominates Kevin Strauss for the presidential elections. David King, another strong contender for the post, splits from the Neutral Party and forms the Blue Party to promote his candidacy. The Blue Party best exemplifies a(n): a. issue-oriented party. b. ideological party. c. personality party. d. reform party. e. single-issue party.

c. personality party.

9. Which of the following statements is true of a house effect? a. Polling firms with a house effect are always right. b. All polling firms face the house effect during elections. c. A firm with a house effect is not always wrong. d. Polling firms that exhibit a house effect miss out on important points unlike its competitors. e. Polling firms with a house effect are disqualified from voting in elections.

c. A firm with a house effect is not always wrong.

The freedom to form interest groups and to lobby the government is protected by the _____.​ a. ​Twenty-fourth Amendment b. Magna Carta​ c. Bill of Rights​ d. Massachusetts Body of Liberties​ e. ​Seventeenth Amendment

c. Bill of Rights​

45. Which of the following statements is true of the influence of education on an individual's political attitudes? a. The level of education seldom influences a person's political values. b. Schools generally make efforts to slow down the political socialization of students. c. Students with more education have more knowledge about politics than those with less education. d. The process of political socialization begins by the time students complete their education. e. Schools typically encourage students to actively participate in politics.

c. Students with more education have more knowledge about politics than those with less education.

13. Which of the following voting advantages was given to the residents of the District of Columbia? a. Voters could ask volunteers to cast the vote on their behalf. b. Voters could choose to mail-in their votes. c. Voters could register up to or even on voting day. d. Voters could choose to vote at a date convenient for them. e. Voters are not required to register with local officials before voting.

c. Voters could register up to or even on voting day.

Unlike private-sector unions, public-sector unions:​ a. ​are composed of less than 10 percent of the total public-sector workers. b. have seen a steady decline over the last several decades.​ c. do not have the right to strike over wages and working conditions.​ d. do not have the right to vote for their own bosses.​ e. do not have any influence on the government.​

c. do not have the right to strike over wages and working conditions.​

​Live and Teach Better is an interest group that was lobbying members of Congress to improve the health benefits of teachers in Wisconsin. Only about 20 percent of the total number of teachers in Wisconsin are members of the group and contribute to it. Recently, it was successful in lobbying for better health benefits for teachers throughout the city. Even though most of the teachers in the city did not make an effort to help the members of the interest group, they were able to enjoy the improved health benefit plans. In this scenario, the problem faced by the members of the interest group is known as the _____. a. ​dispersed cost problem b. union decline problem​ c. free rider problem​ d. independent expenditure problem​ e. free rater problem​

c. free rider problem​

Under the 1946 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act, _____.​ a. ​lobbying was prohibited b. bundled campaign contributions were banned​ c. only persons or organizations whose principal purpose was to influence legislation were required to register​ d. only persons whose lobbying was directed at agencies in the executive branch were required to register as lobbyists and file quarterly reports​ e. members of Congress were prohibited from accepting gifts or travel paid for by lobbyists​

c. only persons or organizations whose principal purpose was to influence legislation were required to register​

38. For established voters, _____, a standing allegiance to a political party, is one of the most important and lasting predictors of how a person will vote. a. political identity b. political position c. party identification d. party strength e. party involvement

c. party identification

2. The Twenty-fourth Amendment outlawed _____ in national elections. a. white primaries b. literacy tests c. poll taxes d. discrimination based on race e. the grandfather clause

c. poll taxes

Indirect techniques of influencing government policy can be particularly effective because:

public officials are often more impressed by contacts from voters than from lobbyists.

Elisa, a forty-year-old woman, has been teaching literature in a school for the past 10 years. She has a passion for reading and writing books. She has recently joined a book club as she gets to read a wide variety of books and also gets to discuss some of her books with the members of the group. The purpose of the group is to help people who love literature get together and share their views. Since Elisa feels a sense of belonging with the group, a _____ most likely motivated Elisa to join the book club. a. ​material incentive b. purposive incentive​ c. solidary incentive​ d. monetary incentive​ e. tangible incentive​

c. solidary incentive​

How do political parties balance the competing interests of the members? a. By hiring a mediator to resolve a conflict between party members b. By adopting the view of the majority c. By considering the opinion of the public d. By adopting a view broad enough to encompass the opinions of all the party members e. By appointing a party president who is given the absolute authority to take important decisions

d. By adopting a view broad enough to encompass the opinions of all the party members

Which of the following parties argued against ratification of the Constitution? a. The Federalist Party b. The Democratic Party c. The Republican Party d. The Anti-Federalist Party e. The Libertarian Party

d. The Anti-Federalist Party

Which of the following statements is true of the history of American political parties? a. The Democratic Party was the first political party in America. b. Political parties were embraced by America's founding fathers as a necessary element of a functioning democracy. c. The role of political parties was clearly defined by America's founders. d. Two major political factions were formed in America even before the Constitution was ratified. e. Throughout the course of American history, the major political parties have not changed their ideologies.

d. Two major political factions were formed in America even before the Constitution was ratified.

In the 1890s, the Democrats allied themselves with the Populist movement, which consisted largely of: a. African Americans and abolitionists. b. urban workers in the Midwest and East. c. wealthy plantation owners in the South. d. indebted farmers in the West and South. e. well-educated and wealthy merchants.

d. indebted farmers in the West and South.

The party in the electorate consists: a. exclusively of party identifiers. b. of all the members of the legislature. c. only of those members who are electoral candidates. d. of all the people who describe themselves as Democrats or Republicans. e. exclusively of party activists.

d. of all the people who describe themselves as Democrats or Republicans.

34. Today, the most reputable polls sample between__________people. a. 100 and 500 b. 50 and 100 c. 500 and 800 d. 1,000 and 1,500 e. 5 and 10

d. 1,000 and 1,500

21. _____ were used in many southern states to limit the participation of African Americans in elections. a. Statistical tests b. Emotional Intelligence tests c. Talent tests d. Literacy tests e. Aptitude tests

d. Literacy tests

60. The _________ included provisions requiring the disclosure of lawmakers' requests in legislation. a. Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 b. Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 c. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 d. Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 e. none of these choices

d. Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995

. Recently, Shelly joined The Comato Group, an interest group that advocates the consumption of organic food and speaks against the use of chemicals in farming. Shelly claims that the benefits offered by the group to its members is what motivated her to join the group. The member benefits include a free supply of ingredients for organic farming and discounts on organic food products. What type of incentive motivated Shelly to join The Comato Group?​ a. ​Purposive incentive b. Solidary incentive​ c. Intangible incentive​ d. Material incentive​ e. ​Immaterial incentive

d. Material incentive

_____ is an indirect technique used by interest groups to influence government policy. a. ​Lobbying b. Providing election support​ c. Forming political action committees​ d. Mobilizing constituents​ e. Participating in elections​

d. Mobilizing constituents​

Which of the following is one of the two umbrella organizations that includes small and large corporations and businesses in the U.S.?​ a. ​Young Entrepreneur Council b. ​Consumers Cooperative Services c. National Council of Agricultural Employees​ d. National Association of Manufacturers​ e. Produce Marketing Association​

d. National Association of Manufacturers​

57. In 2013, The Supreme Court threw out the formula in the ____ that determined which states and localities must obtain preclearance, claiming that the rules were obsolete. a. Civil Rights Act of 1960 b. Nineteenth Amendment c. Bill of Rights d. National Voter Registration Act e. Voting Rights Act

d. National Voter Registration Act

19. According to a Pew Research Center survey, which of the following is one of the reasons for low voter turnout? a. Nonvoters are restricted from voting due to their low income. b. Women are less liberal in their outlook as compared to men and do not want to vote. c. Nonvoters lack the confidence to cast their votes. d. Nonvoters do not feel they have a duty to vote. e. Men do not want to cast their votes because they are busy at work.

d. Nonvoters do not feel they have a duty to vote.

11. In the context of public opinions, which of the following statements is true of the media? a. The media have negligible impact on the political socialization of high school students as their respective families have a stronghold over them. b. Political information available on social media is typically unreliable. c. The media tend to wield the most influence over the views of persons who have not yet formed opinions about various political issues or candidates. d. People go online, watch television, or read articles without any preconceived ideas about the political issues. e. Politicians should publicize themselves using means other than social media as it causes the house effect.

d. People go online, watch television, or read articles without any preconceived ideas about the political issues.

_____ maintain that the influence of interest groups on government is not undemocratic because individual interests are indirectly represented in the policymaking process through these groups.​ a. Marxists​ b. Textualists​ c. Elitists​ d. Pluralists​ e. Secularists​

d. Pluralists​

Which of the following statements is true of the functions of political parties? a. Political parties work together to fashion legislation that serves only their own interests. b. Political parties help increase the voting choices for the electorate by widening the pool of candidates contesting in the general elections. c. Political parties keep the public from interfering in the affairs of the government. d. Political parties act as the major institutions through which the executive and legislative branches cooperate with each other. e. Political parties allow the executive and legislative branches of the government to function independently of each other.

d. Political parties act as the major institutions through which the executive and legislative branches cooperate with each other

Traditionally, business interest groups have been viewed as staunch supporters of the _____.​ a. ​Federalist Party b. Democratic Party​ c. Communist Party​ d. Republican Party​ e. Egalitarian Party​

d. Republican Party

56. The legal right to vote is known as ____. a. The First Amendment b. The Second Amendment c. Voting Rights d. Suffrage e. Voting Status

d. Suffrage

Which of the following is an example of a public-interest group?​ a. ​The National Association of Manufacturers b. The American Federation of Labor​ c. The American Medical Association​ d. The American Civil Liberties Union​ e. The American Farm Bureau Federation​

d. The American Civil Liberties Union​

42. Which of the following resulted from the southern resentment of the Republicans for their role in the "War between the States" and their support of African Americans in the postwar era? a. The Experimental South b. The Fixed South c. The Southern bias d. The Solid South e. The Southern divide

d. The Solid South

7. In the context of the influence of occupation and income on the attitudes of voters, which of the following is the reason behind businesspersons opting to vote for the Republican Party? a. The party favors institutional and social changes. b. The party members hold a history of supporting labor unions in business houses. c. The party encourages the youth to contest in elections. d. The party adopts a pro-business stand. e. The party supports low-income sections of society.

d. The party adopts a pro-business stand.

Which of the following statements is true of right-to-work laws?​ a. ​These laws have helped reduce the free rider problem significantly. b. These laws ban foreign immigrants from being promoted to high managerial positions in an organization.​ c. These laws are followed by 45 states in the United States of America.​ d. These laws ban unions from collecting dues from workers whom they represent but who have not joined the union.​ e. These laws have made it compulsory for workers over the age of 35 to join unions.​

d. These laws ban unions from collecting dues from workers whom they represent but who have not joined the union.​

Which of the following is true of tax breaks for special interest?​ a. ​They require the government to spend more on interest groups than subsidies. b. Demanding tax breaks is becoming an increasingly unpopular objective.​ c. They are more difficult to obtain than subsidies.​ d. They do not look like government spending.​ e. ​Increasing the amount of tax paid by a rival interest group is an example of a tax break.

d. They do not look like government spending.​

10. The intent of push polls is to: a. back the winning candidate. b. identify voters with fake voter's registration. c. estimate the voter turnout after weighting the responses to the poll. d. drive voters away from one candidate and toward another. e. provide adequate information to the voters about the upcoming elections.

d. drive voters away from one candidate and toward another.

41. Political analysts believe that a__________became a major determinant of voter decision making in the 1980 presidential elections. a. gender role b. gender bias c. gender juncture d. gender gap e. gender change

d. gender gap

Organizations involved in _____ were exempt from the provisions of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995.​ a. ​bundled campaigning b. netroots blogging​ c. policymaking​ d. grassroots lobbying​ e. counter petitioning​

d. grassroots lobbying​

43. The small, short-lived changes in polling results are caused due to random error known as: a. sampling bias. b. biased sampling. c. random sampling. d. statistical noise. e. polling bias.

d. statistical noise.

3. Complications for telephone poll takers include: a. the lack of network coverage. b. the rising costs of getting a cell phone connection. c. the high costs of installing a landline. d. the increase in the use of cell phones. e. its limitations to prerecorded messages.

d. the increase in the use of cell phones.

Which of the following statements is true of state organizations? a. State party organizations are very closely tied to the party's national structure. b. The powers and duties of state party organizations do not vary from state to state. c. The state chairperson of a state party organization is always selected by the governor of that state. d. State party organizations are highly centralized. e. The central committee of a state party organization works to raise funds and recruit new party members.

e. The central committee of a state party organization works to raise funds and recruit new party members.

Which of the following demonstrates the belief that compromise with the other party in the legislature is a form of betrayal? a. The popular support for and relative strength of the political parties often shift. b. The realignment process is often replaced by the dealignment process. c. The two-party system should be promoted in the United States. d. The independent voters are likely to increase in number over the years. e. The minority party should not attempt to improve legislation proposed by the majority.

e. The minority party should not attempt to improve legislation proposed by the majority.

Clara and George, two political science graduates, are discussing the political system of the U.S. Clara holds that the two-party system is unlikely to experience any changes in the near future. However, George believes that America will soon follow the multiparty system. Which of the following statements, if true, supports Clara's view? a. The rolling realignment after the elections of 1968 has resulted in parties that are much more heterogeneous. b. The rules governing campaign financing hinder the major parties as well as the minor parties. c. The number of eligible voters who actually cast their votes has reduced in the last couple of years. d. A key characteristic of recent politics has been the extreme partisanship of party activists and members of Congress. e. The structure of many U.S. institutions prevents third parties from enjoying electoral success.

e. The structure of many U.S. institutions prevents third parties from enjoying electoral success.

n the 1890s, the Populists—the People's Party—advocated _____ as a way of lessening the indebted farmers' debts. a. slavery b. farming c. trading d. labor growth e. inflation

e. inflation

Clara, a resident of Vanadia, supports the UND party. The UND party promotes employment for all, without any racial discrimination. Clara is a firm believer in the party's ideologies and actively promotes its principles. This best reflects _____ for joining a party. a. career incentives b. material incentives c. motivational incentives d. tangible incentives e. solidarity incentives

e. solidarity incentives

Which of the following types of interest groups has other aims other than benefiting narrow economic interests?​ a. ​A labor interest group b. A professional interest group​ c. A business interest group​ d. An agricultural interest group​ e. A public-interest group​

e. A public-interest group​

49. Which of the following statements is true of the influence of family on an individual's political attitudes? a. The level of education seldom influences a person's political values. b. Most parents and caregivers deliberately set out to form their children's political ideas. c. Family is one of the least influential forces in political socialization. d. The process of political socialization begins by the time students complete their education. e. Children are socialized through hearing their parents' everyday conversations and observing their parents' actions and reactions.

e. Children are socialized through hearing their parents' everyday conversations and observing their parents' actions and reactions.

_____ are special provisions benefitting a lawmaker's constituents, also known as "pork barrel legislation."​ a. ​Profits b. Benefits​ c. Perks​ d. Wages​ e. Earmarks​

e. Earmarks​

Which of the following statements is true of labor unions?​ a. ​The strength of labor unions has increased drastically over the last several decades. b. It is much easier to form and maintain unions in the United States than in most other industrial nations.​ c. Most business owners in the United States will make enormous efforts to ensure that their own businesses are unionized.​ d. Today members of organized labor make up more than 30 percent of all wage and salary workers.​ e. The political power of labor unions has waned over the last several decades.​

e. The political power of labor unions has waned over the last several decades.​

33. Which of the following was upheld by the Supreme Court on the grounds that the political parties were private entities, not public, and thus could do as they wished? a. The cardinal ballot b. The black poll c. The ancestral poll d. The grandfather clause e. The white primary

e. The white primary

1. Which of the following is a new restrictive law implemented by Arizona? a. Voters must be twenty-one years of age to be eligible to vote. b. Voters must first obtain a driving license before registering to vote. c. Voters must cast their votes only through the mail-in voting system. d. Voters who have just turned eighteen should register themselves only on Election Day. e. Voters must provide his or her proof of citizenship to vote in state elections.

e. Voters must provide his or her proof of citizenship to vote in state elections.

14. In the state of Oregon, all elections, including presidential elections, are conducted exclusively: a. on the Internet. b. at polling places located inside school buildings and public libraries. c. through telephone. d. at polling places located in supermarkets. e. by mail.

e. by mail.

50. If a family's church emphasizes that society has a collective obligation to care for the poor, the children in that family may be influenced _____. a. to protest the electoral system b. to see the media as mostly lies c. to become independents d. in a conservative direction e. in a liberal direction

e. in a liberal direction

55. A polling firm's report that President Barack Obama's popularity rating was, in five consecutive weeks, 45 percent, 43 percent, 44 percent, 47 percent, and 45 percent is most likely an example of ____. a. a sampling bias. b. a biased sampling. c. a random sampling. d. a polling bias. e. statistical noise.

e. statistical noise.

26. The reintroduction of electronic machines in many states in 2012 can be attributed to: a. the passing of the Help America Vote Act. b. the introduction of the grandfather clause. c. the requirement to provide proof of citizenship to be able to vote. d. the introduction of poll taxes. e. the development of voter-verified paper audit trail.

e. the development of voter-verified paper audit trail.

46. The number of people who are actually qualified to vote in an American election is referred to as the _____. a. voting ratio b. voter turnout c. voting community d. registered population e. vote-eligible population

e. vote-eligible population

If the Senate passes a bill opposed by a group, which of the following is the next step that can be taken by the group?​ a. ​It can lobby trial court judges to oppose the bill. b. It can shift its lobbying efforts to the Supreme Court.​ c. It can lobby the executive agency that implements laws.​ d. It can lobby members of Congress to act in the interests of the group.​ e. ​It can shift its lobbying efforts to the House of Representatives.

e. ​It can shift its lobbying efforts to the House of Representatives.

Which of the following is a reason why interest groups get bad press?​ a. ​They allow only wealthy and influential people to join their groups. b. They do not receive enough funding to make a difference.​ c. They cater more to the interests of the state than to their own interests.​ d. ​They are almost always unsuccessful in campaigning for their causes. e. ​They have an enthusiasm gap between supporters and opponents of any given subsidy.

e. ​They have an enthusiasm gap between supporters and opponents of any given subsidy.

. Live and Teach Better is an interest group that was lobbying members of Congress to improve the health benefits of teachers in Wisconsin. Only about 20 percent of the total number of teachers in Wisconsin are members of the group and contribute to it. Recently, it was successful in lobbying for better health benefits for teachers throughout the city. Even though most of the teachers in the city did not make an effort to help the members of the interest group, they were able to enjoy the improved health benefit plans. In this scenario, the problem faced by the members of the interest group is known as the _____.

free rider problem

In the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission case, the Court ruled that political action committees (PACs) could accept unlimited contributions for making _____.

independent expenditures

Under the 1946 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act, _____.

members of Congress were prohibited from accepting gifts or travel paid for by lobbyists

Daniel is a member of Tree for Life, a public interest group that helps protect forests throughout the United States of America. They hold many demonstrations on the importance of forests and have representatives who lobby public officials for laws that impose strict restrictions on the rate of deforestation. In this scenario, Daniel is a member of a(n) _____.

professional interest group

Elisa, a forty-year-old woman, has been teaching literature in a school for the past 10 years. She has a passion for reading and writing books. She has recently joined a book club as she gets to read a wide variety of books and also gets to discuss some of her books with the members of the group. The purpose of the group is to help people who love literature get together and share their views. Since Elisa feels a sense of belonging with the group, a _____ most likely motivated Elisa to join the book club.

solidary incentive