Chapter 6

cilia and flagella share a common structure: ______

A group of microtubules sheathed by an extension of the plasma membrane, a nasal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum and a motor protein called dynein, which drive the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum

_____ cells also have fibers that form a type of cytoskeleton, constructed of proteins similar to eukaryotic ones

Bacterial

The microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum is anchored in the cell by a ______, which is structurally very similar to a centriole, with microtubule triplets

Basal body

Except at the pores, the nuclear side of the envelope is linked by the ________a net like array of protein filaments ( in animal cells it's called intermediate filaments) that maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope

Nuclear lamina

The nucleus shape is maintained by the ___________

Nuclear lamina

The site where DNA is found in prokaryotic cells is called a _______

Nucleoid

Sometimes there are two or more________

Nucleoli

The pores allow passage of RNA in the _________

Nucleus or nuclear membrane

The most abundant glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of most animal cells is ______which forms strong fibers outside the cells

Collagen

Although cells can differ substantially from 1 another, they share _________

Common features

Microtubules guide vesicles from the ER to the ______and then to the ______

Golgi and plasma membrane

After leaving the ER, many transport vesicles travel to the_________, thought of as a warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping and even some manufacturing

Golgi apparatus

The ER fuses with the ________ by a vesicle pinching off

Golgi apparatus

Transport vesicles move material from the ER to the_______

Golgi apparatus

There are three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton: _____is the thickest, _______are called actin fibers and are the thinnest and_______ are the middle fibers

Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

A high ratio of SA to volume is important in cells that exchange a lot of material with their surroundings and these cells may have many ions, long thin projections from their surface called ______, which increase SA without an increase in volume

Microvilli

In addition to the plasma membrane at its outer surface, a eukaryotic cell has extensive, elaborately arranged internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments known as the _________. The cells compartments provide different environments that support specific metabolic functions, so incompatible processes can occur simultaneously in a single cell

Organelles

_____Transform the energy they acquire from their surroundings

Organisms

The basic fabric of most biological membranes is a layer of__________, which has proteins embedded or attached to its surface

Phospholipids and other lipids

The _______ is usually regarded as the boundary of the living cell, but most cells synthesize and secrete materials extracellularly

Plasma membrane

The ________functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell

Plasma membrane

______are large vesicles derives from the ER and golgi and are an integral part of a cells Endomembrane system because they perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells

Vacuoles

The membranes of the Endomembrane system are related either through direct physical continually or by the transfer of membrane segments as tiny________, sacs made of membranes

Vesicles

________in animals is made up of 2 circles known as antrioles to help sort chromosomes during mitosis or miosis

Centrosomes

Plant cells don't have _________and ___________

Centrosomes and lysosomes

In the_________, stacks of thylakoids are inside which are filled with photosynthetic pigment (chloroplasts), a stack is known as a granum and the liquid is called the stroma and DNA is a circular shape

Chloroplasts

_______Found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

____and ____ work together with the plasma membrane molecules to allow whole cells to move a long fibers outside the cell

Cytoskeletal elements and motor proteins

Amoebas and many other unicellular eukaryotes eight by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles, a process called_________

Phagocytosis

Ribosomes are attached to the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelopes outer membrane, which is continuous with______

Rough ER

Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another are called______

Transport vesicles

The ________ encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm

nuclear envelope

_________help break hydrogen peroxide down into water and oxygen

Peroxisomes

Microfilaments are made of _______and________

Actin and myosin

All_______have a cell wall

Bacteria

_________is the ratio of an objects image size to its real size

Magnification

Cell walls are perforated with____

Plasmodesmata

The ______ plays a major role in the growth of plant cells, which enlarge as the vacuole absorbs water

Central vacoule

In plants the _________stores water and solutes

Central vacuole

Mature plant cells generally contain a large _______which develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles

Central vacuole

In plants the _________ and the _________have their own DNA and ribosomes, therefore making its own proteins

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes is called________

Chromatin

Within the nucleus, the DNA is organized into discrete units called ___________structures that carry the genetic information. Each of these contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins.

Chromosomes

All cells contain _______, which carry genes in the form of DNA and all cells have ________, tiny complexes that make proteins according to the instructions from genes

Chromosomes, ribosomes

A Golgi stack has a distinct structural directionality with the membrane of cisternae on opposite sides of the stag differing in thickness and molecular composition. The two sides of a Golgi stack are referred to as the_____ and the _____face, they act as the receiving and shipping departments of the Golgi

Cis and trans

A vesicle that buds from the ER can add it it's membrane and the contents of its lumen to the________ by fusing with a Golgi membrane on that side. The _______gives rise to vesicles that pinch off and travel to other sites.

Cis face, trans face

The Golgi manufacturers and refined it's products in stages with different _________containing unique teams of enzymes

Cisternae

The membrane of each cisternae in a stack separates its internal space from the ______

Cytosol

______ passing through the plasmodesmata joins the internal chemical environments of adjacent cells

Cytosol

The __________Is such an extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membranes in many eukaryotic cells and consist of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called _________

Endoplasmic reticulum, cisternae

Because of the orientation of tubulin dimers, 2 _____ of a microtubule are slightly different. 1 can accumulate or release tubulin at a much higher rate than the other

Ends

mitochondria and chloroplasts both process ________

Energy

In unicellular organisms such as amiba, the cells _______ food and pinch off and combine with the _________vacuole to break down food

Engulf, food

All three types of cell junctions are especially common in________

Epithelial tissue

In a ________cell, most of the DNA is in an organelle called the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane

Eukaryotic

Mitochondria are found in nearly all ____cells

Eukaryotic

Not all ______are multicellular

Eukaryotic cells

_________have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions

Eukaryotic cells

__________means outside

Extracellular

Although animal cells lack wall similar to those of plant cells, they do have an elaborate______

Extracellular martix

The ________of animals and is made up of water and various proteins (collagen, proteoglycan and fibronectin)

Extracellular matrix

Some cells are attached to the extracellular matrix by extracellular matrix glycoprotein such as_______

Fibronectin

After secretory proteins are formed, the ER membrane keeps them separate from proteins in the cytosol, which are produced by_______. Secretory proteins depart from the ER wrapped in the membrane of vesicles from a specialized region called______

Free ribosomes, transitional ER

______Are most like the plasmadesmata of plants although the pores are not lined with membranes

Gap junctions

________Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and in this way are similar in function to the plasmodesmata is plants. These consist of proteins that surround a poor through which ions, sugars, amino acids and other small molecules may pass. They are necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues.

Gap junctions

The main ingredients of the ECM are _______ and other carbohydrate containing molecules secreted by the cell

Glycoproteins

Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by rough ER and then transferred to the ________for further processing

Golgi

The _______removes some sugar monomers and substitutes others, producing a large variety of carbohydrates, May alter membrane phospholipids and may also manufacture some macromolecules and polysaccharides.

Golgi

The _______is especially extensive in cells specialized for secretion and consists of a group of associated flattened membrane sacs or cisternae

Golgi apparatus

The plasma membrane an organelle membrane also participate directly in the cells________ because many enzymes are built into the membrane

Metabolism

Bundles of _____makeup the core of microvilli of intestinal cells

Microfilaments

_____ seem to be present in all eukaryotic cells

Microfilaments

_______ are thin solid rods and also called actin filament's because they are built from molecules of ______a globular proteins

Microfilaments, actin

_____are used to visualize cells

Microscopes

_________grow from centrosomes and help sort chromosomes

Microtubules

____shape and support the cell and also serve as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins can move

Microtubules

________increase SA

Microvilli

Between primary walls of adjacent cells is the ________a thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins

Middle lamella

______ are the sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels

Mitochondria

__________ consists of ribosomes, crista, matrix, DNA, inner membrane, outer membrane and inter membrane space

Mitochondria

____ and ____ have 2 membranes surrounding them, contain ribosomes and circular DNA and are autonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

_____and ______change energy from 1 form to another that cells can use for work

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

The Golgi apparatus _____

Modifies products of the ER, Manufactures certain macromolecules and Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Cell motility generally requires interaction of the cytoskeleton with______

Motor proteins

Larger, more complex organisms including plants and animals, are ________

Multicellular

At the lower limit, the smallest cells known are bacteria called________, these are the smallest packages with enough DNA to program metabolism activities necessary for a cell to sustain itself and reproduce

Mycoplasmas

Thousands of actin filament and thicker filaments made of a protein called ______interact to cause contraction of muscle cells

Myosin

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having____

No nucleus, DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid, no membrane bound organelles and cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

The ________ is a double membrane and the two membranes are each a lipid bilayer with associated proteins that are separated by a space. This membrane is perforated by pore structures. At the lip of each pore the inner and outer membranes are continuous.

Nuclear envelope

The endomembrane system contains ______

Nuclear membrane, ER, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, lysosomes and vacuoles

A prominent structure within the non-dividing nucleus is the ____________which appears through the electron microscope as a mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjoining part of the chromatin

Nucleolus

The ______Contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell

Nucleus

In ______cells the cytoplasm refers only to the region between the ______and ______

Nucleus and plasma membrane

The eukaryotic cells genetic instructions are housed in the ________and carried out by the _____

Nucleus and ribosomes

Until recently, the resolution barrier prevented cell biologists from using standard light microscopy when studying ________, the membrane enclosed structure within eukaryotic cells

Organelles

Within the cytoplasm of a euk. cell, suspended in cytosol, are a variety of _______of specialized form and function. These membrane bounded structures are absent in almost all prok. cells

Organelles

Nucleus(DNA) -> MRNA -> ribosomes on the ER —(vesicles)—> golgi -> vesicle -> microtubule ->

Outside the cell

Some peroxisomes use _____to break fatty acids down into smaller molecules that are transported to mitochondria and used as fuel for cellular respiration

Oxygen

________is made up of phospholipids, it is outer boundary of cell and it is a selective barrier

Plasma membrane

Plants also have tubes, which communicate exchanging molecules through channels called ______________, proteins imbedded in cells

Plasmodesmata

The chloroplast is a specialized member of a family of closely related plant organelles called______

Plastids

The 2 types of cells are ____and_____

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

All _____are unicellular

Prokaryotic cells

Many cells secrete proteins that are produced by ribosomes attached to___

Rough ER

The ______ also makes membrane phospholipids, enzymes built into the ER membrane assemble phospholipids from precursors in the cytosol

Rough ER

_______ is a membrane factory for the cell, it grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane. As polypeptides destined to be membrane proteins grow from the ribosomes, they are inserted into the ER membrane and anchored by their Hydrophobic portions.

Rough ER

_______has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis

Rough ER

As a cell increases in size it's _____grows less than its volume

SA

The need for a _____large enough to accommodate the volume helps explain the microscopic size of most cells and the narrow shape of others

SA

_____ are formed by phagocytosis

food vacuoles

Proteins imported from the cytoplasm are assembled with ________into large and small subunits of ribosomes. The subunits then exit the nucleus through the nuclear pores of the cytoplasm, where a large and small subunit can assemble into a ribosome.

rRNA

In eukaryotes, a specialized arrangement of microtubules is responsible for the beating of ____and _____, microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells

Flagella and cilia

The _______ formed, then fuses with a lysosome who's enzymes digest the food

Food vacuole

All eukaryotic cells have_____, hollow rods constructed from globular proteins called tubulins

Microtubules

All protein is sent to golgi which is the shipping center and then pinch off and the vesicles travel in _________ and corn a protein

Microtubules

Many other eukaryotic cells lack centrosomes with centrioles and instead organize ______by other means

Microtubules

There is much evidence for a __________, a framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior

Nuclear matrix

_______makes ribosomes

Nucleolus

The ______is a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane. They contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by product.

Peroxisome

The cytoskeleton also manipulates the ______, bending it inward to form food vacuoles or other phagocytic vesicles

Plasma membrane

A protein structure called a __________lines each pore of the nuclear envelope and plays an important role in the cell by regulating the entry and exit of proteins and RNA is as well as large complexes of macromolecules

Pore complex

A young plant first secretes a relatively thin and flexible wall called the________

Primary cell wall

Plant cell walls may have multiple layers:______

Primary cell wall: relatively thin and flexible, Middle lamella: thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells and Secondary cell wall (in some cells): added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

Bacteria and archaea consists of ______cells and protists, fungi, animals and plants all consist of _____cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

The ______ is selective in transporting solutions, the solution inside a vacuole differs in composition from the cytosol

Vacuolar membrane

The DNA is arranged in ____________, made up of DNA and proteins, in eukaryotic cells before cell division

Chromatin

___condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide

Chromatin

Prokaryotic cells have no _________and _______

Chromatin and protein

Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of_______

Chromosomes

Microtubules are also involved in the separation of ________during cell division

Chromosomes

A tubulin diner consists of 2 slightly different polypeptides ____and _____

A-tubulin and B-tubulin

A microfilament is a twisted double chain of_____

Actin subunits

Lysosomes also use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle these cells own organic material, a process called_____, where a damaged organelle or small amount of cytosol become surrounded by a double membrane and a lysosome fuses with the outer membrane of this vesicle. The lysosomal enzymes dismantle the inner membrane with the enclosed material and the resulting small organic compounds are released to the cytosol for reuse

Autophagy

The _______spins test tubes holding mixtures of disrupted cells at a series of increasing speeds. At each speed, the resulting force causes a subset of the cell components to settle to the bottom of the tube, forming a pellet. At lower speeds, the pellet consists of larger components and higher speeds result in a pellet with smaller components.

Centrifuge

Within the centrosome is a pair of _____, each composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring.

Centrioles

A____ is greater than the sum of its parts

Cell

In the hierarchy of biological organization, the _______is the simplest collection of matter that can be considered a living entity

Cell

_________separates cells into individual components based on masses

Cell fractionation

________enables researchers to prepare specific cell components in bulk and identify their function

Cell fractionation

The solution inside the central vacuole called _____ is the plant cells main repository of inorganic ions

Cell sap

A useful technique for studying cell structure and function is __________which takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from 1 another

Cell subfractionation

The _____ is an extra cellular structure of plant cells

Cell wall

A disadvantage of electron microscopy is that the methods used to prepare the specimen kill the _____

Cells

All _____have same basic features

Cells

All________are related by descent

Cells

Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study______

Cells

Larger organisms do not generally have larger cells than smaller organisms, they have more_______

Cells

_____are as fundamental to the living systems of biology as the atom is to chemistry

Cells

_____have been modified in many different ways

Cells

____are usually too small to be seen by the naked eye

Cells

___rely on the integration of structures and organelles in order to function

Cells

when arranged as tissues or organs, ______remains the organisms basic unit of structure and function

Cells

Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate______

Cellular activities

Mitochondria's main job is ___________

Cellular respiration

Microfibrils made of the polysaccharide cellulose are synthesized by an enzyme called______ and secreted to the extracellular space, where they become embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins.

Cellulose synthase

Only animals have a ________

Centrosome

The ______________ is in unicellular organisms such as Amiba which is a membrane that collects excess water and pumps it out of the cell

Contractile vacuole

Many unicellular eukaryotes living in fresh water have ____ that pump excess water out of the cell, maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell

Contractile vacuoles

_______is the difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of the image

Contrast

A 3-D network formed by microfilaments just inside the plasma membrane helps support the cell shape. This network gives the outer cytoplasmic layer of the cell called the ______the semisolid consistency of a gel, in contrast with the more fluid state of the interior cytoplasm

Cortex

each of the two membranes enclosing the mitochondrion is a phospholipid by layer with a unique collection of embedded proteins. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is convoluted with infoldings called_______. The innermembrane divides the mitochondrion into two internal compartments, the first is the______ the inner region between the inner and outer membrane and the second compartment, the ______is enclosed by the innermembrane.

Cristae, inter-membrane space, mitochondrial matrix

Microscopes are the most important tools of _______, the study of cell structure

Cytology

The interior of either type of cell is called the ________

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes in ________make a protein used by cell itself, where as ribosomes in _______go out of the cell to be used by other things

Cytoplasm, plasma membrane

In plant cells, Actin protein interactions contribute to ______a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells. This movement which is especially common in large plant cells speeds the movement of organelles and the distribution of materials within the cell

Cytoplasmic streaming

Improvements in both light microscopy and electron microscopy have revealed the _____, A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

The ______ gives mechanical support and shape to the cell, provides anchorage, can dismantle and reassemble which changes the shape of the cell and helps in cell motility

Cytoskeleton

The ______occupies only a thin layer between the central vacuole and the plasma membrane

Cytosol

At any given time free ribosomes are suspended in __________while bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the_________. Bound and free ribosomes are structurally identical and ribosomes can play either role at different times. Most of the proteins made on free ribosomes function within the cytosol and bound ribosomes generally make proteins that are destined for insertion into membrane.

Cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of their ________

DNA

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having____

DNA in a nucleus bounded by a double membrane, membrane bound organelles and cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

______ fasten cells together into strong sheets and attach muscle cells to each other

Desmosomes

Bending involves large motor proteins called _______that are attached along each outer microtubule doublet. These proteins walk along the microtubules of the adjacent doublet, using ATP for energy.

Dyneins

The nuclear lamina and matrix may help organize the ________so it functions efficiently

Genetic material

Most secretory proteins are ________, proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them. The carbohydrates are attached to the proteins in the ER lumen by enzymes built into the ER membrane.

Glycoproteins

As a polypeptide chain grows from a bound ribosomes, the chain is threaded into the ER lumen through a pore formed by a protein complex in the ER membrane. The new polypeptide folds into its functional shape as it enters the__________.

ER lumen

The ER membrane separates the internal compartment of the ER called the__________ from the cytosol

ER lumen (cavity) or cisternal space

Rather than focusing light, the _______focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

Electron microscope

The ___________system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions

Endomembrane

The ______system contains everything except for mitochondria and cellulose

Endomembrane

Many of the different membrane bounded organelles of the eukaryotic cell are part of the _________which includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles and the plasma membrane. This system carries out a variety of task in the cell, including synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membranes and organelles in or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids and detoxification of poisons.

Endomembrane system

The rough ER______

Has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles and is a membrane factory for the cell

Fibronectin and other extracellular matrix proteins bind to cell surface receptor proteins called _____that are built into the plasma membrane

Integrins

The contents of a chloroplasts are partitioned from the cytosol by an envelope consisting of two membranes, separated by a very narrow______. Inside the chloroplast is another membrane system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs called ____________where in some regions they are stacked and each stack is called a___________.

Inter membrane space, thylakoids, granum

_______ are named for they are diameter, which is larger than the diameter of microfilaments but smaller than microtubules. They are only found in the cells of some animals and are specialized for bearing tension. Each type is constructed from a particular molecular subunit belonging to a family of proteins whose members include the keratins.

Intermediate filaments

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton, which plays a major role in organizing these structures and activities of the cell is composed of three types of molecular structures:________

Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

Intermediate filaments are made primarily of protein called _______

Keratin

_____can magnify effectively to about 1,000 times the size of the actual specimen

Light microscopes

Because the ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope, the space between the two membranes of the envelope is continuous with the_________

Lumen of the ER

A _______ is a membraneous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells used to digest or hydrolyze macromolecules

Lysosome

_______ Carry out intracellular digestion in a variety of circumstances

Lysosomes

________in animals digest or break down damaged organelles

Lysosomes

_______in unicellular organisms is filled with hydrolytic enzymes (digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules)

Lysosomes

______also use enzymes to recycle the cells own organelles and macromolecules, a process called autophagy

Lysosomes

Do you nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing ________according to instruction provided by the DNA, which is then transported to the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores. Once this molecule reaches the cytoplasm, ribosomes translate the molecules genetic message into the primary structure of a specific polypeptide.

MRNA

3 important parameters of microscopy are ______,_______and_______

Magnification, resolution and contrast

Animals have structure that _________, whereas plants have a ___________

Maintain structure, cell wall

The smooth ER functions in diverse ________, which vary with cell type. These processes include synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons and storage of calcium ions. Enzymes of the smooth ER are important in the synthesis of lipids, including oils steroids in new membrane phospholipids and poisons, especially in liver cells.

Metabolic processes

In a ________cell, the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed called the _______

Prokaryotic, nucleoid

Due to no cell wall, animals have to make up for it with different ___________

Protein structures

Animals have more than 1 junction, unlike plants, but have 3 made of _______

Proteins

______act as a gate

Proteins

The collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven out of ________secreted by cells, which consist of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached

Proteoglycans

The cell crawls along a surface by extending cellular extensions called _______and moving toward them

Pseudopodia

In a light microscope the lenses _____the light in such a way that the image is magnified as it is projected into the eye of camera

Refract

_______is a measure of the clarity of the image and it is the minimum distance 2 points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate points

Resolution

_______is inversely related to the wavelength of the light or electrons a microscope uses for imaging and electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light

Resolution

A type of RNA called ________is synthesized from instructions in the DNA

Ribosomal RNA

________ which are complex is made of ribosomal RNA is and proteins are the cellular components that carry our protein synthesis.

Ribosomes

________makes a protein to be secreted

Rough ER

The ________microscope shows the outside through beams of electrons

Scanning

The ___________is especially useful for detailed study of the topography of a specimen

Scanning electron microscope

Other cells add a ________ between the plasma membrane and the primary wall, which often is deposited in several laminated layers, has a strong and durable matrix that affords cell protection and support

Secondary cell wall

A lysosome enzyme works best in the acidic environment and if it breaks open they released enzymes are not very active because the cytosol has a near neutral pH and excessive leakage from a large number of lysosomes can destroy a cell by _______

Self-digestion

functions of microtubules: ______

Shaping the cell, guiding movement of organelles and separating chromosomes during cell division

Many forms of life exist as _________organisms

Single-celled

Metabolic requirements also impose upper limits on the _____that is practical for a single cell

Size

________helps make lipids, helps with detoxification and stores calcium ions that are used for cell communication

Smooth ER

There are two distinct though connected regions of the ER that differ in structure and function:_____, which lacks ribosomes and ______, which is studded with ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane

Smooth ER and rough ER

Each type of membrane has a unique composition of lipids and proteins suited to that membranes_______

Specific function

The fluid outside the thylakoids is the ______which contains the chloroplasts DMA and ribosomes and many enzymes

Stroma

The various membranes of the Endomembrane system are not identical in____&_____

Structure and function

Only a limited amount of a particular _______can cross per second, so the ratio of SA to volume is critical

Substance

Euk. Means ________and prok. Means _______

True nucleus, before nucleus

The membrane of the chloroplast divides the chloroplast space into three compartments:______

The inter membrane space, the stroma and the thylakoids space

Microtubules are made of______

Tubulin

Microtubules grow in length by adding _________ and they can also be disassembled to build microtubules elsewhere in the cell

Tubulin dimers

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria:_____

enveloped by a double membrane, contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules and grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells

chloroplasts structure includes

Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum and Stroma, the internal fluid

At _____ The plasma membrane's of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound together by specific proteins. These establish a barrier that prevents leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

Tight junctions

In animal cells there are three main types of cell junctions__,___&___

Tight junctions, desmoses and gap junctions

Fascicles concentrated in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus are engaged in the ______ of material between parts of the Golgi and other structures

Transfer

The _________microscope shows the inside of the cell through beams of electrons

Transmission

The _________is used to study the internal structure of cells

Transmission electron microscope

product of cellular respiration is _______

carbon dioxide

In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a ______ near the nucleus

centrosome

The ECM is made up of glycoproteins such as _____

collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

Ribosomes build proteins in two________ locales

cytoplasmic

The______is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell

cytoskeleton

Inside all cells is a semifluid, jellylike substance called _______, in which subcellular components are suspended.

cytosol

Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations ____

cytosol (free ribosomes), outside of ER or nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

Each tubulin protein is a _____, a molecule made up of two subunits

dimer

In a ________, visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses

light microscope

What are the basic features of all cells?

plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

various techniques enhance contrast and enable cell components to be _____

stained or labeled

The smooth ER ___

synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and stores calcium ions

Three types of cell junctions are common in epithelial tissues: ______

tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions