chapter 6

...is the high-energy molecule used to power cellular work.

ATP

What compound directly provides the energy for cellular work?

ATP

During... the energy in sugar molecules is used to make molecules of ATP.

cellular respiration,

The transfer of ... from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.

electron

Which stage of cellular respiration uses the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane to convert ADP into ATP?

electron transport

In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as ... picks up electrons and H+and becomes reduced to NADH.

NAD+

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

Oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for nearly all the ATP produced in your body

NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation.Chemiosmosis is the final step in oxidative phosphorylation.Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation would not occur.

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Autotrophs use photosynthesis to convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugar. Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + sunlight → O2 + suga

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.

glucose ... enzymes

The stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell is:

glycolysis

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

An organism that must consume other organisms to obtain nourishment is called a(n) ...

heterotroph

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

2

Aerobic cellular respiration generates approximately ___ ATP from one molecule of glucose.

38

Aerobic cellular respiration is about ___ efficient, while anaerobic respiration is about ___ efficient.

40%, 2%

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

FADH2

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.

10

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

2

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

atp

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.

oxidative phosphorylation

In cellular respiration, glucose becomes ... to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).

oxidized

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.

oxygen

NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor,...

oxygen.

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that

photosynthesis

During ...the energy from the sun is used to make sugar molecules

photosynthesis,

In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

Virtually all organisms on Earth use cellular respiration to produce ATP from sugar. ATP is then used to power cellular work. Which of the following is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATPmolecules are produced during _____.

the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transpor

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?

the Citric Acid cycle the electron transport chain

Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?

the Citric Acid cycleand the electron transport chain

Which stage of cellular respiration converts organic polymers into carbon dioxide?

the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

The burning sensation in the muscles associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to:

the presence of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration by muscle cells.

NADH and FADH2are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) perFADH2molecule.

three ... two

n electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.

transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?

two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules

Imagine an organism with mutations in complexes I, III, and IV that prevent pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space but still allow electrons to pass through the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of these mutations?

ATP synthase will not convert ADP to ATP

The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to make...

ATP.

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

Why are sweating and other body-cooling mechanisms necessary during aerobic exercise?

60% of the energy from food produces body heat instead of ATP.

Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring:

a phosphate group

Which of the following organisms perform cellular respiration?

a sunflower, shark ,a honeybee, a palm tree, a mushroom

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?

acetyl CoA

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?

acetyl CoA

An organism that can use energy from the sun to directly produce food is called a(n)...

autotroph

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.

in the cytoplasm

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

lactate and NAD+

Oxygen is critical in cellular respiration because it:

readily accepts electrons at the end of cellular respiration.

In cellular respiration, oxygen becomes...to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.

reduced

Anything that prevents ATP formation within a cell will most likely:

result in cell death