Chapter 6

Which bone disorder is characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption?

Paget's disease

Which of the following bone disorders is not treatable with increased calcium and vitamin D?

Paget's disease

If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what disease is most likely to develop in the nursing infant?

Rickets

The cells that maintain mature compact bone marix are __________.

osteocytes

The lacunae of bone contain __________.

osteocytes

Which of the following is true regarding bone remodeling?

Every year 5 to 10 percent of the skeleton is replaced.

Select the statement that best describes most long bones at the time of birth.

A bony diaphysis with a widening medullary cavity, and two cartilaginous epiphyses

Match the type of cartilage to its correct description: Fibrocartilage.

Able to withstand heavy loads and absorb shock

Match the following function of bone to its description: Anchorage.

As a result, we can walk, grasp objects, and breathe

Bones serve as an important reservoir for

Calcium

Which of the following is true? Bone resporption is slower than bone formation in old age. In about the second decade, bone mass increases with age. Bone formation exceeds bone resorption in young adults. Despite the environmental factors that influence bone density, genetics still plays the major role in determining bone density.

Despite the environmental factors that influence bone density, genetics still plays the major role in determining bone density.

In a car accident, the injuries to the driver include a fractured femur. Part of the broken end of the diaphysis of the femur is visibly penetrating through the skin in the thigh area. Which of the following properly classifies this fracture?

Displaced, complete, open (compound)

Match the following: Respiratory cartilages.

Form the skeleton of the larynx and reinforce other respiratory passages

Which of the following statements is true? Because calcium causes neurotransmitter release, excessive calcium will lead to hyperexcitability. Because calcium causes neurotransmitter release, too little calcium causes non-responsiveness. Sustained decreases in calcium can lead to kidney stones. Hypocalcemia leads to hyperexcitability.

Hypocalcemia leads to hyperexcitability.

Osteoblasts release which of the following?

Matrix vesicles studded with the enzyme alkaline phosphatase

Determine the scenario that reduces the mass of a long bone.

Osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity.

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: Foramen.

Round or oval opening through a bone

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: Fossa.

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Correctly match the term and description: Epiphyseal plate.

Site of length increase in long bones

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Tubercle.

Small rounded projection or process

Match the description to the correct stage of intramembranous ossification: Immature spongy bone and periosteum form.

Stage 3

Match the description to the correct stage of intramembranous ossification: Compact bone replaces immature spongy bone, just deep to the periosteum, and red marrow develops.

Stage 4

Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show signs of osteoporosis. After reviewing the test results, her physician suggests that she take all of the following courses of action except?

Start taking synthetic parathyroid hormone

Select the true statement regarding appositional growth of a long bone

The long bone increases in thickness, or diameter.

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name:Trochanter.

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

Rickets can be caused by a deficiency of

Vitamin D

Yellow marrow is useful as __________.

a tissue that may revert back to red marrow if a person needs more red blood cells

Cartilage can grow in which of the following ways?

appositional growth and interstitial growth

The bones in the long axis of the body make up the

axial skeleton

Match the description to the correct zone in longitudinal growth of a long bone: Dead cartilage cells appear; matrix begins deteriorating.

calcification zone

Select the hormone that lowers blood calcium levels when administered at high pharmacological doses.

calcitonin

Hydroxyapatites in bone matrix that give bone its hardness are primarily composed of

calcium phosphates

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: Meatus.

canal-like passageway

Osteocytes maintain contact allowing them to communicate and permitting nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to the next through __________.

canaliculi

Which of the following are tiny canals that connect the central canal of an osteon to the osteocytes?

canaliculi

Correctly match the bone type with its example: Short bone.

carpal (wrist)

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: Sinus

cavity within a bone

Cartilage tissue features _____ within small cavities called lacunae.

chondrocytes

Match the description to the correct answer regarding bone tissue: Major organic fiber of bone.

collagen

A patient is brought to the emergency room with a broken bone. According to the x-ray, the bone is fragmented into three pieces. This would be considered a

comminuted fracture

Match the following: Costal cartilages.

connect the ribs to the sternum

Match the following: Articular cartilages.

cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints

Correctly match the definition and term: Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue to form a bone.

endochondral ossification

Correctly match the definition and term: Expanded portion of the long bone at its ends.

epiphysis

The padlike menisci of the knee joints contain __________.

fibrocartilage

Match the description to the correct stage of bone repair: Activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts creates an overgrown splint around the fracture site.

fibrocartilage callus

Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of __________.

fibrous membrane

A narrow, slitlike opening in a bone is referred to as a

fissure

Intramembranous ossification is mostly responsible for forming which type of bone?

flat bone

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: Groove.

furrow

During infancy and childhood, the single most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is ____—from the anterior pituitary gland.

growth hormone

Correctly match the description of the bony projection with its name: Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.

head

Select the correct sequence of fracture repair steps.

hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs.

Which function of bone tissue occurs in the red bone marrow?

hematopoiesis

When problems with blood forming tissue are suspected, clinicians obtain tissue samples from the _____________ because the red bone marrow in this location is highly active in hematopoiesis.

hip bone

Match the description to the correct zone in longitudinal growth of a long bone: Older cartilage cells enlarge.

hypertrophic zone

Which of the following is not composed of hyaline cartilage?

intervertebral discs

Match the description to the correct answer: Bone with a complex shape.

irregular bone

Match the type of cartilage to its correct description: Elastic cartilage.

located in the external ear and epiglottis

Match the description to the correct answer: Has a length greater than width.

long bone

Correctly match the definition and term: Hollow space in the shaft of a long bone.

medullary cavity

Which of the following is true with respect to hyaline cartilage?

most abundant skeletal cartilage

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Crest.

narrow ridge of bone

Correctly match the term and description: Bone-building cell.

osteoblast

Bone is broken down by __________.

osteoclasts

Correctly match the term and description: Mature bone cell.

osteocyte

A bone disorder that affects adults and has symptoms that are similar to rickets is called __________.

osteomalacia

All of the following belong to spongy bone, except

osteons

Correctly match the term and description: Bone stem cell.

osteoprogenitor cell

Bone-forming cells originate from __________.

osteoprogenitor cells

The hormonal control of bone remodeling primarily involves which of the following?

parathyroid hormone

When Ca+ concentration in the blood becomes lower than normal

parathyroid hormone is released

Correctly match the bone type with its example: Sesamoid bone.

patella (knee)

Correctly match the definition and term: Fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone.

periosteum

Osteoporosis occurs most often in

postmenopausal women

Correctly match the term and description: Diaphysis.

primary ossification center

Match the description to the correct zone in longitudinal growth of a long bone: Cartilage cells undergo mitosis.

proliferation zone

Collagen fibers do not

provide for bone hardness

Which of the following bones belong to the axial skeleton?

ribs

Match the description to the correct answer: Sesame seed-shaped bone formed in a tendon.

sesamoid bone

In adolescence, the "growth spurt" that is observed is mainly attributed to an increase in

sex hormones

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Spine.

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Match the description to the correct answer: Approximately equal in length and width.

short bone

During a football game, a player fractures his leg bone when his foot plants into the turf, but several opposing players continue to push him forward. The doctor explains that the diagonal break across the bone was due to intense twisting forces. Select the type of fracture involved in this example.

spiral

Correctly match the definition and term: Location of red bone marrow in an adult.

spongy bone

Correctly match the bone type with its example: Flat bone.

sternum (breastbone)

Match the following: Nasal cartilage.

supports external nose

Correctly match the definition and term: A hormone that modulates the activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper bone formation

thyroid hormone

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Large, rough, rounded projections.

tuberosity

Correctly match the bone type with its example: Irregular bone.

vertebra, spinal column

Which of the following is classified as a short bone?

wrist bone

The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as fat in

yellow marrow