Chapter 6- BIO 217 SL3

How many calories of essential fatty acids should men consume daily?

170 cals

What is the Adequate Intake for essential fatty acids?

2-4 tbsp.

Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems?

Obesity Type 2 diabetes

Which foods are good sources of phospholipids?

Peanuts Egg yolks Wheat germ

Identify the statement about phospholipids that is true.

Phospholipids can be synthesized by the body.

Which type of fat becomes rancid because their double bonds are easily damaged by oxygen, heat, metals, or light?

Polyunsaturated fats

What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?

an alcohol containing three carbons

A ________ is a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid.

diglyceride

Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs?

omega system

Diets rich in ______ fatty acids can reduce blood triglyceride levels in those whose levels are high, but can also lead to a decreased ability for the immune system to function if consumed in excess.

omega- 3

Omega-____ fatty acids can be made into substances that help decrease inflammation, pain, and blood triglycerides. It is important to consume an adequate amount of this fatty acid in order to get its benefits. Multiple choice question.

omega- 3

The recommendation for fat intake that is 20-35% of total calories consumed is the _______.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol.

Trans

______ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies.

added

A diet rich in ________ can help reduce LDL oxidation and thus decrease the risk of CVD and Metabolic Syndrome.

antioxidants

What are some examples of added fats?

butter shortening

Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______.

calories

The diets high in total fat increase the risk of ____.

certain cancers obesity cardiovascular disease

______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.

cholesterol

________________ is a sterol used by the body to make both sex and adrenal hormones as well as the active form of vitamin D.

cholesterol

Which lipoprotein is formed in the intestinal absorptive cell and carries dietary triglycerides that have been re-formed?

chylomicron

Which of the following act as emulsifiers?

eggs, mustard

Egg yolks are a good example of a(an) ________ because they allow the fat in various batters and dressings to stay suspended in the other ingredients.

emulsifier

A triglyceride that loses a _____ ______ is called a diglyceride.

fatty acid

Phospholipids contain ______ within their molecular structure.

fatty acids

A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids attach, forming a triglyceride molecule.

glycerol

What is the term for a compound containing a core of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol?

lipoproteins

What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process?

micelles

Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called ______________ fatty acids.

monounsaturated

One usually refers to lipids simply as ____ and _____.

oils & fats

Which type of oil is a staple in most Mediterranean diets?

olive oil

An imbalance between ______ and ______ fatty acids is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis.

omega-6 omega-3

A monounsaturated fatty acid has ___________location(s) in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen.

one

What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Metabolic Syndrome?

oxidized LDL

Foods that contain hidden fat include _______.

pastries whole milk cheese

HDL has a high proportion of ______, which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein.

protein

Which types of fat are less likely to become rancid because they have no or few double bonds in their carbon chains?

saturated fats trans fats

In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

small intestine

The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______.

subcutaneous

Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to _____.

their multi-ringed structure

Products like Z-trim, gums, and Salatrim, are used by companies to do what with their food products?

to reduce the fat content

Those who do not consume enough ________ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins.

triglycerides

_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy.

triglycerides

What are the three types of lipids?

triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

The liver coats the cholesterol and triglycerides that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and produces _________.

very-low-density lipoproteins

butter= french fries=

visible fat hidden fat

Which food would be considered to have the highest fat content?

whole milk

What does the abbreviation HDL stand for?

High-density lipoprotein

Which statements are true about sterols?

They contain a multi-ring structure. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Cholesterol is a common example.

Which compound's role is to help transport lipids through the water-based blood and lymphatic systems?

lipoprotein

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

1. Eggs 2. Ice cream 3. Chicken

What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

1. Glycerol backbone 2. Phosphorus-containing molecule

put the following steps regarding the absorption of triglycerides in order

1. Large fat droplets enter small intestine after meal 2. Bile (mostly) and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles 3. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides 4. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed as micelles through the brush border and then re-formed into triglycerides 5. short- and mediun- chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream (cardiovascular system) 6. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons, which enter the lymphatic system

A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components?

1. Phospholipids 2. Cholesterol 3. Proteins

In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?

1. Regulating ovulation 2. Maintaining normal kidney function 3. Regulating cell division rates

What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?

1. They are stable 2. They are calorie dense 3. They are the body's main storage form of energy

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

1. To insulate and protect the body 2. To provide energy 3. To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins

Which health issues are associated with excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake?

1. Uncontrolled bleeding 2. Impaired immune function

Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids?

1. because we must get them from food 2. because our bodies are unable to synthesize them

What are some risks associated with the high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake?

1. impaired immune system 2. increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean Diet?

1. olive oil as the main fat 2. high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains 3. moderate drinking of wine

What are the different names of fatty acids based on?

1. position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton 2. number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton

Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system.

10%

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

Butter Margarine Mayonnaise Salad oils

Which cancers are associated with diets high in fat and saturated fat?

Colon cancer Prostate cancer Breast cancer

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids.

ESSENTIAL

These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation. Multiple choice question.

Eicosanoids

The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks?

Form cell membranes. Make bile. Make sex hormones.

Which organ plays a role in developing very-low-density lipoproteins by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of protein and lipids?

Liver

What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.

What are some common "fat substitutes" used by companies to reduce the fat content of their foods?

Salatrim & Gums

Triglycerides are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

insoluble in water

Subcutaneous fat is located _____.

just beneath the skin