chapter 6 bone

Given these processes: 1. Chondrocytes die. 2. Cartilage matrix calcifies. 3. Chondrocytes hypertrophy. 4. Osteoblasts deposit bone. 5. Blood vessels grow into lacunae. Which sequence best represents the order in which they occur during endochondral bone formation? A) 3,2,1,4,5 B) 3,2,1,5,4 C) 5,2,3,4,1 D) 3,2,5,1,4 E) 3,5,2,4,1

3,2,1,5,4

New chondrocytes and new matrix at the periphery

Appositional

Covers bones at joints; has no perichondrium

Articular cartilage

cartilage that does not ossify, and persists through life is

Articular cartilage

Chronic vitamin D deficiency results in which of these consequences? A) Bones become brittle. B) The percentage of bone composed of hydroxyapatite increases. C) Bones become soft and pliable. D) Scurvy occurs. E) Both a and b.

Bones become soft and pliable.

Which of these statements concerning cartilage is correct? A) Cartilage often occurs in thin plates or sheets. B) Chondrocytes receive nutrients and oxygen from blood vessels in the matrix. C) Articular cartilage has a thick perichondrium layer. D) The perichondrium has both chondrocytes and osteocytes. E) Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes within the tissue add more matrix from the inside.

Cartilage often occurs in thin plates or sheets.

Chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the cells.

Interstitial

concentric, circumferential, interstitial

Lamellae

blood vessels from periosteum penetrate bone

Perforating canals

perpendicular to long axis.

Perforating or Volkmann's canal

Double-layered C.T. sheath. Covers cartilage except at articulations

Perichondrium

interconnecting rods or plates of bone. Like scaffolding.

Trabeculae

Formed during fetal development & during fracture repair

Woven bone

Which of the following best describes the role of a lacuna in a bone? A) a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte B) an indentation within a bone that houses an osteoclast C) a space within the bone for marrow development D) another term for the diploe of a flat bone

a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte

Which type of bone growth is responsible for an increase in the diameter of bones? A) appositional growth B) interstitial growth C) endochondral growth D) trabecular growth E) intramembranous growth

appositional growth

Osteoprogenitor cells A) assist in fracture healing by taking bone fragments away from the injury site B) make up the scaffolding of membranous bone C) are stem cells that become osteoblasts D) are osteocytes that do not live in bone

are stem cells that become osteoblasts

The periosteum A) is an epithelial tissue membrane. B) covers the outer and internal surfaces of bone. C) contains only osteoblasts. D) becomes continuous with collagen fibers of tendons or ligaments. E) has a single fibrous layer.

becomes continuous with collagen fibers of tendons or ligaments.

If blood calcium levels increase, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium from the blood and place in into the bones? A) calcitonin B) pituitary hormone C) parathyroid hormone D) human growth hormone

calcitonin

Osteoclast activity is inhibited by A) calcitonin. B) growth hormone. C) parathyroid hormone. D) sex hormones. E) thyroid hormone.

calcitonin.

Callus replaced by woven, spongy bone

callus ossification

Osteocytes must have the ability to receive nutrients from the blood and an ability to return wastes to the blood. Connectors between the osteocytes and the blood vessels are known as A) Volkmann's canals B) central canals C) perforating canals D) canaliculi

canaliculi

Which of these connective tissue types has proteoglycans in its matrix? A) bone B) cartilage C) ligaments D) tendons E) both c and d

cartilage

Which of these correctly describes appositional growth of cartilage? A) Chondrocytes in the center of the cartilage lay down new matrix. B) Fibroblasts produce new chondroblasts. C) Chondroblasts in the perichondrium lay down new matrix. D) New osteons are formed from osteoblasts. E) Canaliculi connect between chondrocytes to allow transport of nutrients.

chondroblasts in the perichondrium lay down new matrix.

The inner layer in cartilage contains

chondroblasts.

Before the process of intramembranous ossification, which of the following type of tissue is found in the associated membranes of the skull and clavicles? A) cartilage B) bone C) epithelium D) collagen fibers

collagen fibers

Central canals A) connect perforating canals to canaliculi. B) connect cancellous bone to compact bone. C) are where blood cells are produced. D) are found only in cancellous bone. E) are lined with periosteum.

connect perforating canals to canaliculi.

The perichondrium A) surrounds each lacuna in the matrix. B) contains mainly loose connective tissue. C) contains blood vessels and nerves. D) is important for the storage of fat. E) covers the surface of articular cartilage.

contains blood vessels and nerves.

The shaft of a bone is known as the A) epiphysis B) metaphysis C) periosteum D) diaphysis

diaphysis

The surface of the medullary cavity of long bones is lined with a connective tissue membrane called A) periosteum. B) epiphyseal plates. C) endosteum. D) perichondrium. E) lamellae.

endosteum.

The growth zone of a long bone is referred to as the A) osteon B) epiphyseal plate C) articular surface D) diaphysis

epiphyseal plate

The outer layer in cartilage contains

fibroblasts.

what bone are Ribs, sternum, skull, scapula

flat bone

Chondroblasts

form matrix

incomplete fracture that occurs on the convex side of the curve of a bone

greenstick

Two of the primary hormones for bone growth and development are A) bone growth hormone and epiphyseal growth hormone. B) human growth hormone and thyroid hormone. C) thyroid stimulating hormone and body growth hormone. D) pituitary hormone and bone growth hormone.

human growth hormone and thyroid hormone.

The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the bone grows longer is the zone of A) resting cartilage B) proliferation C) hypotrophy D) calcification

hypotrophy

Parathyroid hormone causes A) increased chondroblast activity. B) increased bone breakdown. C) decreased blood calcium levels. D) increased calcium lost in the urine. E) all of these

increased bone breakdown.

which layer layer contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteochondral, progenitor cells.

inner layer

hydroxyapatite. CaPO4 crystals

inorganic

Lamellar bone A) is mature bone. B) is remodeled to form woven bone. C) is the first type of bone formed during early fetal development. D) has collagen fibers randomly oriented in many directions. E) all of the above.

is mature bone.

If the collagen and minerals are removed from a bone, what happens to the bone? A) it becomes stiff and brittle B) no noticeable differences occur with the bone C) it becomes soft and rubbery D) it breaks apart into thousands of small pieces

it becomes soft and rubbery

Chondrocytes

lacunae

Chondrocytes are mature cartilage cells found within the _______________, and they are derived from _______________. A) perichondrium, fibroblasts B) perichondrium, chondroblasts C) lacunae, fibroblasts D) lacunae, chondroblasts

lacunae, chondroblasts

Collagen fibers for strength, proteoglycans for resiliency

matrix

0steoclasts derived from

monocytes, stem cell

The term "appositional growth" refers to bone growth that occurs A) before birth B) in the epiphysis only C) on the surface of cartilage, bone or older bone D) inside of a lacuna

on the surface of cartilage, bone or older bone

collagen and proteoglycans

organic

The endosteum lines cavities inside bone and contains

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteochondral progenitor cells.

The type of cells that brings about intramembranous ossification are A) osteocyte B) osteoblasts C) osteoclasts D) osteon

osteoclasts

a factor that lack of vitamin D during adulthood leading to softening of bones

osteomalacia

which layer contains blood vessels and nerves in bone?

outer layer

If blood calcium levels decrease, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium out of bones and put it into the blood? A) calcitonin B) calcium hydroxyl hormone C) parathyroid hormone D) human growth hormone

parathyroid hormone

Perforating fibers hold

periosteum, ligaments, and tendons in place.

The outer layer of bone, composed of dense, irregular, collagenous connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves is called A) endosteum. B) concentric lamellae. C) periosteum. D) the epiphyseal plate. E) the diaphysis.

periosteum.

Which of the following is classified as a long bone? A) phalanx B) sternum C) vertebra D) talus

phalanx

a factor that lack of vitamin D during childhood is

ricket

. Strengthen attachment of tendon to bone.

sharpey's fibers

what bone are Carpals and tarsals?

short

What type of bone tissue surrounds a medullary cavity? A) compact bone B) medullary bone C) spongy bone D) replacement bone

spongy bone

Which of the following bones is considered to be flat? A) femur B) sternum C) vertebra D) talus

sternum

Lamellae combine to form

trabeculae,

Which of the following combinations of treatments would be the most appropriate for treatment of osteoporosis? A) running, hiking, and drinking 3 liters of water per day B) walking, adding calcium to the diet and, perhaps, taking estrogen-replacement therapy C) walking, taking phosphorus tablets, and drinking 3 liters or more of water a day D) running, taking mineral tablets each day, drinking more water, and taking testosterone therapy.

walking, adding calcium to the diet and, perhaps, taking estrogen-replacement therapy