Chapter 6: Fats/Lipids

What is a triglyceride?

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol.

The hormones that stimulate the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called:

cholecstoskinin

A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is:

cholesterol

Although _______ is not metabolized for energy, cells use the lipid to synthesize a variety of substances, including vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone

cholesterol

how many kilocalories are in one gram of fat?

9

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream . . .

as part of lipoproteins

Most cases of heart disease and stroke result from:

atherosclerosis

Phospholipids contain a ______ portion, which attracts water, and a ____ portion, which repels water.

hydrophilic , hydrophobic

True or false: Phospholipids are only found in fat cells

False

Chylomicrons are too large to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream and must pass through the larger opening of _____, which are lymphatic system vessels in each villus.

lacteals

_____ is a common example of a phospholipid

Lecithin

Glycerol and fatty acids are both by-products of ________ digestion

lipid

Where is bile made?

Liver

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

lipoprotein lipase

Manufactures add plant sterols to certain foods because they may:

lower blood cholesterol

____________ is a digestive enzyme that removes fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule.

Pancreatic Lipase

A lipid compound containing a multi-ring structure is a(n):

Sterols

Which of the following substance are types of lipids?

Triglycerides and cholesterol

The main product of lipid digestion is:

monoglycerides

Which of the following are leading sources of fat in the Mediterranean diet?

olive oil and fish

Saturated and trans fatty acids tend not to fo rancid because they are less likely to undergo ____ chemical process that alters the compounds structure.

oxidation

Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments are all products of lipid digestion that occurs in the

small intestine

Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant ____, which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.

sterols

Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol and phospholid fragments are all end products of lipid digestion that occurs in the:

small intestine

_________ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a persons elevated blood lipid levels.

statins

What are the functions of cholesterol?

- Synthesis of certain bile acids - Incorporation into cell structures - Synthesis of certain hormones

What are the functions of phospholipids in the body?

- form lipid bilayer of cell membranes - necessary for normal nerve function

What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine?

- monoglycerides - glycerol - fatty acids

Soluble fibers lowers blood cholesterol by:

- reducing cholesterol absorption - interfering with bile absorption - disrupting enterohepatic circulation

What are some good food sources of phospholipids?

- wheat germ - peanut butter - soy beans

_______ cells, which remove fatty acids and glycerol form the blood and resemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells.

Adipose

What is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common?

They are mostly in the form of triglycerides.

Manufacturers often add _____ to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from separating during storage. Salad dressings and ice cream are two types of food that contain these agents.

emulsifiers

What are the by-products of phospholipid digestion?

glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphorous compounds

Chylomicrons are transported in the lymphatic system to the _____ duct, where they enter the bloodstream through the left ______ ______ in the chest.

thoracic, subclavian vein

hydrogenation process produces . . .

trans fats

A _____ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

triglyceride

Excess protein, carbohydrates, and alcohol can all stimulate the production of _____ which leads to excess body fat accumulation.

triglycerides

Fats are not soluble in:

water

True or false: cholesterol cannot be synthesized by the body.

False

__________, a commonly prescribed class of drug, interfere with the livers metabolism of cholesterol, effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Statins

Which of the following can enter the bloodstream directly after being absorbed?

short and medium fatty acid chains

_______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.

Lipoproteins

Where are the small cholestrol-rich remnants of chylomicrons cleared form the bloodstream and used to synthesize new lipids and other lipoproteins?

Liver

What helps enhance the digestion and absorption of lipid by keeping lipids dispersed in small particles, increasing their surface area?

Bile salts

Enterohepatic circulation is responsible for:

recycling bile from the intestinal tract

Interfering with enterohepatic circulation can __________ blood cholesterol levels because the liver muse use cholesterol to make new bile salts.

reduce