Chapter 6- Formulating Hypothesis and Research Questions

one that contains variables that are measurable, with a relationship that can be either supported or not supported based on the data collected.

What is makes a hypothesis testable?

a relationship to test

What is missing in this hypothesis? "If adults with chronic nonmalignant pain (CNP) differ from one another, they will differ from one another in quality of life (QOL),"

- specific detail/ observation is noted to be related - related lit is reviewed - formal hypothesis is conducted

What is the process of inductive reasoning?

an expected relationship between two variables

What must the hypothesis state with regards to the two or more varaibles used in a research study?

complex: IV: type of model used DV: Patient satifaction, absenteeism, perception of work environment

What type of hypothesis is this? What is the Iv(s) and DV(s)? Nurses who deliver nursing care using a primary nursing model will have an increase in patient satisfaction with nursing care, a decrease in absenteeism, and an improvement in their perception of the work environment as compared with nurses who deliver nursing care by the conventional method of team nursing.

independent variable

A variable that is manipulated and controlled by the researcher; also called a predictor variable. Usually symbolized by the letter X.

dependent variable

A variable that is observed for changes or to assess the possible effect of a treatment or manipulation; may be the effect or outcome of an experimental procedure; also referred to as a criterion or outcome variable. Usually symbolized by the letter Y.

deductive

If a hypothesis is based on a the comprehensive theoretical framework is is (inductive/deductive)

dependent

(Dependent/Independent) variable is the observed outcome and is usually represented by Y

independent

(Dependent/Independent) variable is the treatment or the variable that is manipulated its usually represented by X

Directional; nondirectional

(Directional/nondirectional) hypotheses are clearer and more logical than (Directional/nondirectional) hypotheses

research (scientific)

(Null/Research) hypotheses can be simple or complex, directional or nondirectional

1. simple vs. complex 2. nondirectional vs. directional 3. statisitical vs. research

3 classifications of hypothesis

Extraneous

A variable not under investigation but may, or may not, be relevant to the study

extraneous variable

A variable that is not controlled for in a study, threatening the internal validity of the study.

testable; proven

A well-stated hypothesis must be ______ but can never be _______.

true

T/F Extraneous variables exist in all studies

false (can only manipulate conditions that affect the variability in the DV)

T/F Researchers can manipuatle the dependenet varaible

experimental; treatment; intervention; predictor

Terms that can be used to describe independent varaibles

dependent

The ________ variable, is the variable that is observed for change or reaction after the treatment is applied.

prediction about the outcome of the study

The hypothesis is the researcher's..

variables being studied; population being studied; predicted outcomes

The hypothesis statement includes ___________, ___________, and _________

So that the reader can specifying how the variables will be measured in terms of the instruments, scales, or both

The meaning behind having varaible being operationally defined

1. guide scientific injury to advance knowledge 2. provide direction for the research design and the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data 3. provide a way to reporting the conclusions of a study

The purposes for a hypothesis

collect data that either support or refute the hypothesis

The researcher sets to (prove/ collect data) on the hypothesis

dependent; independent

The variable that is underinvestigaton is _______; the one that is mainpuated is _____

Correlational analyses

Type of statistical analysis that evaluates hypothesis that is conducted to determine the existence, type, and strength of the relationship between the variables being studied.

Inferential statistics

Type of statistical analysis that is used to evaluate hypotheses that examine differences between and among categories or levels of variables.

operationally

Variables identified in hypotheses must be (conceptually/ operationally) defined

Subjects = Patients X = Internal mammary artery grafting following coronary artery bypass surgery Y = Greater chest pain or discomfort

What are the subjects, dependent, and independent variables in this senario? Patients who have had internal mammary artery grafting following coronary artery bypass surgery will experience greater chest pain or discomfort than will patients who have had saphenous vein grafting.

state clearly and concisely the expected relationship (or difference) between two or more variables

What do good hypothesis do?

When a study is completed and a significant relationship exists between two variables or there is a difference between groups

What does "rejecting the null hypothesis" mean?

- describing varaibles - examining relationships among variables - determining differences between two or more groups regarding the selected variable(s).

What does a research question focus on?

internal validity of the study

What does extraneous variables threaten?

simple IV: water tempature DV: systolic blood pressure

What type of hypothesis is this? What is the Iv(s) and DV(s)? Healthy young adults who consume 720 mL of ice water within 10 minutes will have a significant increase in systolic blood pressure as compared with healthy young adults who consume 720 mL of room- temperature water within 10 minutes.

complex IV: time of teaching DV: request for pain meds, preception of pain level

What type of hypothesis is this? What is the Iv(s) and DV(s)? Abdominal surgery patients who received preoperative teaching will have a decreased perception of pain and request fewer analgesics than patients undergoing abdominal surgery who receive structured postoperative teaching.

complex IV: time of feedings DV: time of stool, level of bilirubin, jaundice, weigth loss

What type of hypothesis is this? What is the Iv(s) and DV(s)? Newborns fed at 1, 2, and 3 hours of life (HOL) produce stool earlier, have lower serum indirect bilirubin levels, less observed jaundice at 48 HOL, and a lower percentage of weight loss than do infants initially fed at 4 HOL.

simple IV: knowlege level DV: compliance to adherace

What type of hypothesis is this? What is the Iv(s) and DV(s)? Patients with greater knowledge of diabetes will have significantly higher rates of adherence to the treatment regimen than will patients who have less knowledge about diabetes.

when prior knowledge of the topic is limited and research seeks to identify or desricbe the phenomena

When are Research questions utlized?

QUANtitative research.

When are extraneous variables of primary concern?

for research that is classified as descriptive

When are hypothesis not need?

"greater than," "less than," "positively," "negatively," and "difference"

Words that denote the direction of the proposed hypotheses

deductive; inductive

________ reasoning is the pattern of "figuring out what's there," whereas ______ reasoning begins with a structure that guides one's search for "what's there"

conceptually; operationally

All nouns in hypotheses or research questions should be defined first ______ and then ______

independent

An ________ variable is a variable that is observed, introduced, or manipulated to determine the effect it has on another variable.

Simple; nursing research involves human beings, who are complex.

Are simple or complex hypothesis easier to test, measure, and analyze?Why?

two hypotheses are often stated

Because null hypotheses do not reflect the researcher's true expectations of a study's results, what often happens?

their relationship to the problem.

Concepts and variables need to be logically defined according to...

there is insufficient evidence to support the idea of a real difference.

Failure to reject the null or statistical hypothesis implies what?

1. How is X described? (describing variables) 2. What is the perception of X? (describing variables) 3. Is X related to Y? (examining relationships) 4. What is the relationship between X and Y? (examining relationships) 5. Is there a difference between groups 1 and 2 with respect to Y? (determining differences)

General model for a reserach question

by statistical analysis

How are hypothesis evaluated?

by confirming or not confirming relationships

How do hypotheses advance scientific knowlege?

research questions are more precise and specific.

How do interrogative statements in a research question compare to the problem statement?

1 IV; 1 DV (2 variables)

How many IV and DVs are there in a simple hypothesis?

they can confuse the interpretation of the results and confound the effects of the independent variable

If you dont take externous varaibled into account what can occur?

t-test, analysis of variance

Methods that will be utilized with inferential statistics

null

Null or research? Performing crossword puzzles has no effect on the development of Alzheimer's disease among elderly adults

acceptance of the research hypothesis.

Rejection of the null or statistical hypothesis is similar to ...

Quasi-experimental and experimental

Research designs have been developed to control the influence of extraneous variables

interrogative statements

Research questions are written as ________ that seeks an answer.

naturally from the purpose statment narrowing focus of study

Research questions should flow from what?

Include research variables and the population to be studied

Research quetsions should inculde what?

data must support the hypotheses for a study to be successful; Some of the most important findings have come from research in which the data did not support the hypotheses

A common misconception about research studies

research question

A concise, interrogative statement written in the present tense including one or more variables.

Subjects who receive X are more likely to have Y than subjects who do not receive X.

A general model for stating hypotheses

hypothesis

A good _______ will state clearly and concisely the expected relationship or difference b/t two or more variables in measurable terms

existing

A hypothesis is bulit on (new/existing) knowledge

research hypothesis (H' or Ha)

A hypothesis stating a relationship or difference between two variables. Also called an alternative, declarative, or scientific hypothesis.

null hypothesis

A hypothesis stating that no relationship or difference exists between two variables. Also called statistical hypothesis.

nondirectional hypothesis

A hypothesis that does not stipulate in advance the direction and nature of the relationship between two variables.

directional hypothesis

A hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the relationship between two variables. -complex hypothesis -simple hypothesis -nondirectional hypothesis -directional hypothesis

more difficult (Limiting hypotheses to a single relationship between two variables adds clarity)

A hypothesis that states several relationships among variables can be (more difficult/ easier) to decipher.

variable

A measurable characteristic that varies among the subjects being studied.

variable

A measurable characteristic that varies in a population.

clear, concise, interrogative statement; present; one or more variable

A research question is a _________ that is stated in the ______ tense and includes ______

hypothesis

A statement about the relationship between the variables that are being investigated

simple hypothesis

A statement explaining and/or predicting a relationship between one independent and one dependent variable.

complex hypothesis

A statement explaining and/or predicting relationships between two or more independent and dependent variables. -complex hypothesis -simple hypothesis -nondirectional hypothesis -directional hypothesis

hypothesis

A statement that explains or predicts the relationship or differences between TWO OR MORE variables in terms of expected results or outcomes of a study.

hypothesis genetrating study

A study that is done and the outcome allows the researcher to bring data togeher to form a hypothesis for future studies

Simple hypothesis

A type of hypothesis that states the relationship between TWO variables ONLY by using a simple but clearly stated format

nondirectional (says there is a relationship but doesn't have a direction to take the study)

Is this directional or nondirectional? There is a relationship between amount of carmel color ingested and C-Reactive protein levels among adult Asian women

directional (has a relatinship and a direction to take the study)

Is this directional or nondirectional? Women who receive the Sister to Sister intervention will have a higher 6 month continuous smoking abstinence than women who do not receive the intervention

research; directional

Most hypotheses are ________ hypotheses and _______ because they PREDICT the DIRECTION of the outcome

What type of hypothesis is best for your study? Is the study you are planning feasible?

Most important questions for deciding weather to use a simple or complex hypothesis

research

Null or Research hypothesis? Elderly adults who regularly perform crossword puzzles are less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease than elderly adults who do not regularly perform crossword puzzles

state variables that are pertinent to the study

Stating hypotheses and research questions requires the researcher to do what?

statistical strategy

Stragiety that is used with null hypothesis that is when a research hypothesis is made, data is analyzed assuming the null hypothesis, and make inferences based on the target population

false (A hypothesis should involve at least two variables and possibly more)

T/F A hypothesis must contain either one or two variables.

true (only supported or not supported based on collection and analysis of data)

T/F Hypotheses are never proved right or wrong through hypothesis testing

true

T/F Hypothesis are supported or not supported based on collection and analysis of data

false (can be supported, accepted, rejected, or not supported)

T/F Hypothesis can be proven

true

T/F Not all studies have both research questions and hypotheses.

false

T/F Null/ statistical hypothesis reflect the researchers true expectations of the study

true (cant be proven but the more times you suport it the grater the belife for the oustcome will be)

T/F Repeated support often leads to acceptance of truth

TRUE (indicate what the researcher expects to find as a result of conducting a study)

T/F Research hypothesis reflect the researchers true expectations of the study

1. A declarative research hypothesis may be used to communicate the researcher's true expectations 2. Nullhypothesis to permit statistical testing.

The two hypothesis that are normally done when a Null hypothesis is involved

- sample - measuring instruments - design - procedure collecting data

Things that need to be decided before a hypothesis can be tested

literature review

This identifies prior findings and provides a basis for understanding how the proposed study relates to previous knowledge

nondirectional hypothesis

Type of hypothesis that states a relationship between variables, but it has no specific direction

research hypothesis (or scientific or alternative)

Type of hypothesis that states that a relationship or difference exists between variables.

null/ statistical hypothesis

Type of hypothesis that states that no relationship (or difference) exists between two variables.

directional hypothesis

Type of hypothesis that states the direction of the relationship between variables.

complex hypothesis

Type of hypothesis that states the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables

inductive reasoning hypothesis

Type of reasoning that could bring a hypothesis about that moved from specific observations to those that are general

Deductive hypotheses

Type of reasoning that could bring a hypothesis that are derived from theory and contribute to the science of nursing by providing evidence that supports, expands, or contradicts a given theory

descriptive research

Type of research that does not need a hypothesis and is important for laying the foundation for further study

independent (experimental/ treatment) variable

Type of variable that is used to explain or predict a result or outcome

dependent (outcome) variables

Type of variable that reflects the effects of or response to independent variables

conceptual models or findings from previous research

What are directional hypothesis usaully from?

Subjects = Children aged 5 to 10 years X = Provided with prior information Y = Less postoperative anxiety

What are the subjects, dependent, and independent variables in this senario? Children aged 5 to 10 years who are provided with prior information about their tonsillectomy will experience less postoperative anxiety than will children of the same age who do not receive information.

Subjects = Children X = Sense of humor (high versus low) Y = Better adjustment to cancer

What are the subjects, dependent, and independent variables in this senario? Children with a high sense of humor adjust better to having cancer than do those children with a low sense of humor.

Subjects = Nursing home residents X = 10 minutes of calming music Y = Less agitation

What are the subjects, dependent, and independent variables in this senario? Nursing home residents exposed to 10 minutes of calming music expe- rience less agitation than will those who receive no such intervention.

direction for the researcher's efforts and determine the research method and type of data to be collected.

What do hypothesis prodive for the researcher?

- study design - sampling technique - plans for data collection

What does Hypotheses and research questions influence?

reevaluate the hypothesis

What does a lack of support in research data force the researcher to do?

makes it easier for readers to understand and formulate conclusions following data analysis.

What does a simple hypothesis do for the reader?

simple IV: type of injection used DV: discomfort level

What type of hypothesis is this? What is the Iv(s) and DV(s)? Subjects will have less discomfort following administration of the two- track intramuscular injection compared with administration by standard injection.

after the review of literature has been completed

When are hypothesis and research questions forumalted?

when prior knowledge of the phenomenon is limited and the research seeks to identify or describe a phenomenon (exploratory or descriptive studies), or both.

When are researched questioned used?

used when past research provides conflicting results or when the direction of the relationship is unknown

When is nondirectional hypothesis used?

few studies are really designed to verify a non existing relastionship

Why are null hypotheses often not stated in journal articles?

used because they suit the statistical techniques that determine whether an observed relationship is probably a chance relationship or probably a true relationship.

Why are null/ statistical hypothesis usuallly used?

so that you can make a judgment about the applicability of the findings t to a particular population n

Why is it important to know how subjects are defined?

so that it can be tested

Why must a hypothesis contain 2 or more variables?