Chapter 6 Learning OPEN STAX COLLEGE

Reinforcement Schedules (handout)

-Continuous reinforcement - 1/1 behavior / reinforcement. -Intermittent reinforcement - fixed / variable - ratio / interval

Cognitive Map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Observational Learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

__________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

D. Negative punishment

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to ear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ______.

D. Stimulus generalization

In _______ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

D. classical conditioning

Operant Conditioning

form of learn in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Associative Learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

Primary Reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

Reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Unconditioned Response

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Vicarious Reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

Continuous Reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they _______.

D. Kicked and threw the doll

Secondary Reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

Punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

Conditioned Response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Spontaneous Recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

Stimulus Discrimination (handout)

-when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Who proposed observational learning?

C. Albert Bandura

Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amount of time have passed

Law of Effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Taste aversion (handout)

can have a longer time interval (ex. alcohol, food poison ing, pest control)

Extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Stimulus Generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

Acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

Vicarious Punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

Partial Reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

Shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

Conditioned Stimulus

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Negative Punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Negative Reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

Cognition and Latent Learning (handout)

-Edward Tolman -Learning that occurs but is not observable until there is a reason to demonstrate it. Ex. Children learn by watching the actions of parents.

Behaviorism (handout)

-John Watson - founder * P-sychology must focus on outward observable behavior that can be measured in order for psychology to become a legitimate science. -Must shift its concern away from internal mental processes because they can not measured. -Psychology must focus on outward behavior that can be measured. -Human behavior, just like like animal behavior, is primarily the result of conditioned responses. (Little Albert) -Advertising Lincoln continental - Matthew McConaughey Most interesting man in the world - Dos Equis Beer

Observational Learning/ Modeling (handout)

-Models - individuals performing the imitated behaviors -Bandura - internal mental states must have a role in learning -Models 1. live 2. verbal 3. symbolic -Steps in the modeling process 1. attention 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. motivation --vicarious reinforcement- vicarious punishment -Prosocial / antisocial effects? -violent movies, TV, video games ?

Classical Conditioning (handout)

-Pavlov - Research on digestion using dogs -Classical Conditioning - a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events. -Unconditional Stimulus (UCR) - a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism. ex. meat powder. -Unconditional Response (UCR) - a natural (unlearned) reaction to a stimulus. -Neutral Stimulus (NS) - a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response. Paired repeatedly NS - -UCS = Conditioned -Stimulus (CS) - a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. -Conditioned Response (CR) - the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus Conditioning. -Processes in Classical Conditioning -Acquisition - initial period of learning.

Reinforcement (handout)

-Positive Reinforcement - a stimulus that is added that increases the behavior.*not a desirable stimulus -Negative Reinforcement - a stimulus is removed to increase a behavior. -PUNISHMENT - A stimulus that decreases a behavior -Positive punishment - a stimulus added to decrease a behavior. -Negative punishment - removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior. -Problems with punishment -Tends to suppress behavior not change it. -Can increase aggression / frustration -SHAPING - reward of successive approximations of target behaviors. -Primary Reinforcer - reinforcer that have innate reinforcing qualities (not learned)Ex. food, water, sex, touch, attention -Secondary Reinforcer - no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer. -Ex. money, tokens, praise

Operant Conditioning (handout)

-Target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken it, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future. -The stimulus (reinforcement or punishment) occurs soon after the response. -B. F. Skinner - classical conditioning is limited to existing behaviors that are reflexively elicited - behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior. -Law of Effect (Edward Thorndike) -Skinner Box - pigeons / rats

What is learning (handout)

-Unlearned Behaviors -Instincts Reflexes - a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment. -Ex. babies suck, turtles head to the ocean -Learned Behaviors - involve change and experience -Learning - a relatively permanent change in behavior / knowledge that results in experience. -Associative learning - occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment. -3 main types of learning 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Observational Learning

Habituation (handout)

-occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change.

Extinction (handout)

-the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery (handout)

-the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period.

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

A. Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

A. Shaping

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

A. classical conditioning, operant conditioning

Instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were _____.

B. Conditioned responses

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an examples is called a _______?

B. Model

Slot machines reward gambling with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

B. Variable ratio

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

B. neutral stimulus

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

B. occurs as a result of experience

Reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

C. infant sucking on a nipple

Higher-order Conditioning

using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Model

a person whose behavior is observed by another (in observational learning)

Stimulus Discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Positive Reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Positive Punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience