Chapter 6- learning Psychology

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus neutral stimulus and a neutral response neutral response and a conditioned response

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. latent map fixed interval map fixed ratio map cognitive map

cognitive map

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? reinforcement acquisition shaping learning

shaping

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? fixed interval variable ratio variable interval fixed ratio

variable ratio

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character after dreaming about having a fight with their parents after dreaming they were on television after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Which of the following is an example of instinct? a teacher demonstrating algebra to students believing that nudity is wrong baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents.

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? partial primary secondary continuous

continuous

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? boys display more fear than girls fear cannot be a conditioned response boys display fear differently from girls emotion can be a conditioned response

emotion can be a conditioned response

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. extinction conditioning learning acquisition

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? fixed interval fixed ratio variable ratio variable interval

fixed interval

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its motherâ s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. reflexes instincts conditioning learning

instincts

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. primary latent conditioned partial

latent

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________. reactive learned instinctive reflexive

learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? learning instincts reflexes conditioning

learning

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? operant conditioning classical conditioning modeling imitation

operant conditioning

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. secondary partial primary continuous

partial

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities primary classical secondary operant

primary

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. positive punishment negative punishment positive reinforcement negative reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of social learning theory One can learn new behaviors by observing others. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Fear is a conditioned response. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. Rosalie Rayner Edward C. Tolman Little Albert Ivan Pavlov

Edward C. Tolman

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"? It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS. It would be unethical by today's research standards. The provided no compensation to Albert's mother for his participation in the study. They did not have the permission of Albert's mother to conduct the research.

It would be unethical by today's research standards