Chapter 6 Lifespan
The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.
acceptance; demand
______ is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
Autonomous morality
Play therapy allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a non-threatening environment. This most closely resembles _______ views of play.
Freud and Erikson's
According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child
develops a concept of what is appropriate for males and females.
Research has shown some but not the majority of children from divorced families are more likely to have __________.
drug issues depression academic problems anxiety
Girls are more likely to play in ______ than boys.
dyads and triads
Young children learn in early childhood that certain situations are likely to evoke particular
emotions
Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as
empathy
Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the ______ morality stage.
heteronomous
Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.
heteronomous
Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with
higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence.
Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.
nature
According to Baumrind, the _____ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.
neglectful
The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs ______.
unconsciously
______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
gender typing
What percentage of same-sex couples are raising children in the United States?
20%
By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?
3 years
In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.
4 types
Around what age do most children develop self-conscious emotions?
Around 18 months
According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?
Authoritarian
________ ______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Blank 1: Gender Blank 2: typing
Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)
Cooperativeness with adults Self-reliance and achievement orientation Cheerfulness and self-control Good stress-coping skills Friendliness with peers
What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?
Corporal punishment
Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?
Demand Control Responsiveness Acceptance
Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?
Fear
______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.
Empathy
True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.
False
What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?
Gender identity
Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?
Gender roles
Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender?
Gender schema theory
______ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.
Immanent justice
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by neglectful parents?
Independence
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?
Initiative versus guilt
Compared to non-Latino White Americans, which of the following ethnic groups have higher rates of single-parent families?
Latino Americans African Americans
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
Moral
_______ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.
Moral
Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?
Neglectful
Critics of Baumrind note that her parenting style categories reflect only a ______ view of child development.
North American
What is defined as the ability to understand or be empathetic to another person?
Perspective taking
Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize lower-SES parents?
Relying less on physical punishment
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
Self-conscious
What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
Self-conscious
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?
Social biological theory
According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
Social hierarchy Division of labor
What are the three proposed social theories of gender?
Social role theory Psychoanalytic theory Social cognitive theory
Research by Bronstein found that mothers tend to do which of these?
Socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible Place more restrictions on their daughters autonomy
Which country has the least favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting?
Sweden
What is a major milestone of early childhood?
The ability to control one's emotions
Which statement best describes the influence of peers on gender behavior?
They reward children for engaging in sex-appropriate play.
Which country has the most favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting?
United States
Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?
Weak communication skills Unhappiness and fear Anxiety about comparing themselves with others Failure to initiate activity
Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.
authoritarian
Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.
authoritarian
The _____ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.
authoritarian
The parenting style used by some Asian American parents, while appearing to be ______, actually reflects concern and involvement in their children's lives and is best seen as a type of training.
authoritarian
The _____ parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.
authoritative
A child who considers a person's intentions, as well as the consequences of a given action, is in Piaget's ____________ morality stage, which is the second stage in his theory.
autonomous
Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce.
before
When immigrants select elements of US culture to help survive and advance, they may be said to be developing a _____ orientation
bicultural
According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.
contrasting
In Bronstein's research it was found many parents continue to foster behaviors and perceptions that stay with traditional _____ role norms.
gender
_____ _____ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
gender typing
According to Baumrind, the _____ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.
indulgent
According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called ________ verses ________
initiative and guilt
Baumrind argued that parents should NOT ______.
leave children to make their own rules be punitive or aloof
While a little girl who is playing with a doll in a park might find new friends who want to play with her, a little boy who plays with a doll
might be made fun of by other children.
From the age of 5 on, boys are ______ to engage in organized group games.
more likely than girls
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up.
no more likely
Abuse perpetuated against children is usually perpetrated by a
parent
The term _______ _______ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
perspective taking
A gender is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.
role
Approximately 20 percent of ______ couples are raising children under the age of 18 in the United States.
same-sex
Freud believed preschool children developed a ______ the opposite-sex parent.
sexual attraction to