Chapter 6 mastering bio

As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs. 1 0 36 2

2

How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis? 4 6 8 2

2

When did the level of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere become high enough to sustain aerobic respiration? 1.5 billion years ago 2.7 billion years ago 3.5 billion years ago 1.0 billion years ago

2.7 billion years ago

Humans use about ________ of their daily calories to maintain brain cells and power other life-sustaining activities. 90% 25% 75% 50%

75%

During chemiosmosis, energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes. ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase. H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor. a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space.

ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase.

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. 5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy. C6H12O6 + energy → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 6 O2. C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.

Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false? Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step. Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration releases heat. Cellular respiration produces water.

Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step.

Which of the following statements about the energy yields from cellular respiration is true? Cellular respiration converts all of the energy in glucose into high-energy ATP bonds. Cellular respiration converts the kinetic energy of glucose into chemical energy. Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from gasoline. The heat produced during cellular respiration is only a tiny fraction of the chemical energy available in a glucose molecule.

Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from gasoline.

Which of the following statements regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false? Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH. Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2.

Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH.

Which of the following statements regarding food is false? Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can produce molecules that are not actually present in the original food. Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can produce sugar by a process that is the exact opposite of glycolysis. Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that consume ATP. Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that make molecules for cellular repair and growth.

Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that can produce sugar by a process that is the exact opposite of glycolysis.

Which of the following statements regarding glycolysis is false? Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic process because it does not require oxygen. Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it is the most efficient metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis. Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it occurs universally. Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic process because it is not located in a membrane-bound organelle.

Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it is the most efficient metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis.

During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true? Molecular oxygen is eventually oxidized by the electrons to form water. The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one carrier to another. The electrons move from carriers that have more affinity for them to carriers that have less affinity for them. Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.

Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.

In fermentation, ________ is ________. NADH . . . oxidized NAD+ . . . oxidized NADH . . . reduced ethanol . . . oxidized

NADH . . . oxidized

At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in pyruvate. NADH. ATP. CO2.

NADH.

The end products of glycolysis include acetyl CoA. O2. citric acid. NADH.

NADH.

Which of the following statements about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false? The total yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule is about 32. Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields about 12 ATP molecules. Less than 50% of the chemical energy available in glucose is converted to ATP energy. Most of the ATP derived during aerobic respiration results from oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields about 12 ATP molecules.

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? A buildup of pyruvate in the surrounding environment would be too toxic. The conversion yields 32 ATP per pyruvate molecule. The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecule. The conversion is needed to regenerate the molecules needed for glycolysis.

The conversion is needed to regenerate the molecules needed for glycolysis.

Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is false? Electron carriers are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate. ATP synthase is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A gradient of H+ exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate.

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration? The energy is coupled to oxygen. They produce ATP. They produce glucose.T hey store it in molecules of carbon dioxide.

They produce ATP.

The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to a person leaping from the top to the bottom of a flight of stairs in one jump. a canoe going over a waterfall. a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs. a person climbing a flight of stairs one step at a time.

a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.

The function of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle is most like throwing a baited hook into a lake and catching a fish. a frog that turns into a prince. a kid jumping up and down on a trampoline. a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom.

a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom.

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? aerobic respiration alcoholic fermentation All produce approximately the same amount of ATP per molecule of glucose. lactic acid fermentation

aerobic respiration

In yeast cells, lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration. alcohol is produced during the citric acid cycle. lactic acid is produced during glycolysis. alcohol is produced after glycolysis.

alcohol is produced after glycolysis.

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is an oxygen atom. ADP. a molecule of carbon dioxide. a molecule of water.

an oxygen atom.

When proteins are used as a source of energy for the body, the proteins are converted into glucose molecules, which are fed into glycolysis. are hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acids; electrons are stripped from the amino acids and passed to the electron transport chain. are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. are hydrolyzed to glucose and converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.

are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

The energy yield from the complete aerobic breakdown of a single molecule of glucose is always 32 ATP. is less than the yield from anaerobic respiration. can vary depending on whether NADH passes its electrons to NAD+ or FAD. increases as the supply of oxygen increases.

can vary depending on whether NADH passes its electrons to NAD+ or FAD.

By-products of cellular respiration include FADH2 and NADH. NADH and ATP. oxygen and heat. carbon dioxide and water.

carbon dioxide and water.

A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. During the citric acid cycle, radioactivity would first appear in citrate. NADH. oxaloacetic acid. CoA.

citrate.

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule production of CO2 conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds conversion of NADH to NAD+

conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds

Cyanide differs from dinitrophenol in that cyanide is highly toxic to human cells, while dinitrophenol is nontoxic. cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol makes the membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to H+ ions. cyanide inhibits the production of ATP by inhibiting ATP synthase, while dinitrophenol causes mitochondrial membranes to become less permeable to H+ ions. cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a concentration gradient from building up, while dinitrophenol blocks the passage of electrons through electron carriers.

cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol makes the membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to H+ ions.

In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is ATP. dehydrogenase. oxygen. glucose.

dehydrogenase.

During cellular respiration, NADH is reduced to form NAD+. is the final electron acceptor. delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule. is chemically converted into ATP.

delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.

As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+, which allows H+ to leak from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. This effect leads to weight loss. Fat Away prevents ATP from being made by preventing glycolysis from occurring. slowing down the citric acid cycle. preventing the conversion of NADH to NAD+. destroying the H+ gradient that allows ATP synthase to work.

destroying the H+ gradient that allows ATP synthase to work.

During redox reactions, a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized. electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance. protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule. the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction.

electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance.

Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide oxygen and glucose oxygen and carbon dioxide oxygen and energy to make ATP

energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide

Yeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; thus, they are facultative aerobes. facultative anaerobes. strict anaerobes. strict aerobes.

facultative anaerobes.

If you consume 1 g of each of the following, which will yield the most ATP? protein fat starch glucose

fat

If ATP accumulates in a cell feedback inhibition speeds up cellular respiration. the cell receives a signal that there is a need for more energy. the rate of cellular respiration does not change. feedback inhibition slows down cellular respiration.

feedback inhibition slows down cellular respiration.

Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy. minerals water food sunlight

food

Pyruvate is the end product of oxidative phosphorylation. is the molecule that starts the citric acid cycle. is a six-carbon molecule. forms at the end of glycolysis.

forms at the end of glycolysis.

A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. As the bacteria metabolize the glucose, radioactivity will appear first in ATP. glucose-6-phosphate. pyruvate. carbon dioxide.

glucose-6-phosphate.

When a cell uses fatty acid for aerobic respiration, it first hydrolyzes fats to glycerol and amino acids. glycerol and fatty acids. fatty acids and sugars. sugars and glycerol.

glycerol and fatty acids.

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? electron transport chain the citric acid cycle glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis

During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place? glycolysis and the citric acid cycle the citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order? glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose. removing one glucose at a time with a condensation reaction. hydrolyzing the starch to glucose and the glycogen to amino acids. converting both starch and glycogen to fatty acids.

hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose.

If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after completing electron transport but prior to chemiosmosis, you would find the pH of a mitochondrion to be at its lowest on the outer membrane. in the mitochondrial matrix. on the inner membrane. in the intermembrane space.

in the intermembrane space.

The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. permits the expansion of mitochondria as oxygen accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. helps mitochondria divide during times of greatest cellular respiration. carefully encloses the DNA housed within the mitochondrial matrix.

increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.

During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose becomes stored in molecules of ammonia. is released all at once. is used to manufacture glucose. is carried by electrons.

is carried by electrons.

Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________. uses glucose . . . produces glucoseproduces ATP . . . is gas exchange is gas exchange . . . produces ATP produces glucose . . . produces oxygen

is gas exchange . . . produces ATP

Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________. loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons gain of protons . . . loss of protons

loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons

The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is destroyed when the chemical bonds of glucose are made. saved in the chemical bonds of water, CO2 and O2. lost in the form of heat. used to create light.

lost in the form of heat.

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the nucleus. matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane. outer mitochondrial membrane. cytoplasm.

matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.

Bacteria that are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called facultative anaerobes. aerotolerant anaerobes. obligate aerobes. obligate anaerobes.

obligate anaerobes.

A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria? oxidative phosphorylation biosynthesis alcoholic fermentation glycolysis

oxidative phosphorylation

The conversion of CO2 and H2O into organic compounds using energy from light is called glycolysis. fermentation. photosynthesis. cellular respiration.

photosynthesis

After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle, a carbon atom is added to pyruvate to make a four-carbon compound. glucose is split, producing two molecules of pyruvate. coenzyme A is cleaved off pyruvate. pyruvate is oxidized.

pyruvate is oxidized.

The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except ATP. pyruvate. FADH2. CO2.

pyruvate.

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. glycolysis. the citric acid cycle. the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that the mixture needs more sugar, because yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol. the mixture needs more oxygen, because yeast need oxygen to break down sugar and get enough energy to produce alcohol. the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen. the yeast used the alcohol as a carbon source.

the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise. the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvate. the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise. the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function.

the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise.

A kilocalorie is defined as the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C. the quantity of food consumed during a given type of exercise. the quantity of glucose needed to increase the body temperature by 1°C. the quantity of food used to maintain normal bodily functions.

the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.

Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because they will no longer be able to perform anaerobic respiration. they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP. they will no longer be able to absorb water and will become dehydrated. high levels of fermentation products will build up in their bodies.

they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP.

As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+, which allows H+ to leak from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. This effect leads to weight loss. The method of weight loss described for Fat Away shows that the drug is acting as a metabolic oxygen carrier. redox promoter. feedback inhibitor. uncoupler.

uncoupler.

Which of the following organisms can make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide? wheat bear mushroom crayfish

wheat