Chapter 6: Memory (Psychology)

Ryan was born into a family that held racist views. He now has a schema that includes racist ideas. Which of the following statements is FALSE? Multiple Choice Ryan's schema may prevent him from learning new information about other races. Ryan's schema may promote prejudiced views about individuals of other races. Ryan's schema is irrelevant to his experiences with new people of other races. Ryan's schema may result in decreased tolerance and acceptance of people from other races.

Ryan's schema is irrelevant to his experiences with new people of other races.

_______ attention involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting errors, and monitoring progress on tasks.

Executive

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

False

True or false: Memory for traumatic events tends to be highly accurate over time.

False

_______ memories may feel very accurate because they are so much more vivid than other memories, but the details of those memories are not always correct.

Flashbulb

When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information?

Sensory

When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information? Multiple choice question. Short-term Sensory Long-term Working

Sensory

_______ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Sensory

________ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Sensory

Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes? Multiple choice question. Occipital Temporal Frontal Parietal

Frontal

What are the three levels of autobiographical memory? Multiple select question. Personal visual knowledge General events Event-specific knowledge Life time periods Fact-based knowledge

General events Event-specific knowledge Life time periods

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time? Multiple choice question. Short-term memory Sensory memory Working memory Long-term memory

Sensory memory

___ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer. Multiple choice question. Iconic Long-term Short-term Sensory

Short-term

Which of the following is the best example of the reminiscence bump? Multiple choice question. Stephanie remembers more things that happened in her teens and 20s than she does for any other decade of her life. Steve remembers a funny story that happened to him when he was in second grade. Lucy is having trouble remembering the names of her new neighbors; the names of her previous neighbors keep popping into mind instead. Charles has vivid memories from the summer after he got married.

Stephanie remembers more things that happened in her teens and 20s than she does for any other decade of her life.

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened? Multiple choice question. The concept of long-term potentiation The schema concept The implicit memory concept The hierarchy system of classification

The concept of long-term potentiation

Which of the following statements explain why the last several items on a list are remembered? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. The items receive more elaborative processing. The items may still be in working memory. The items' recency makes them easier to recall.

The items may still be in working memory. The items' recency makes them easier to recall.

Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation? Multiple choice question. This concept hypothesizes that working memory is a three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. The concept hypothesizes that there are three systems in memory. This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened. The concept hypothesizes that information at the beginning or end of a list will be better remembered than information in the middle of the list.

This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.

Which of the following is NOT an important strategy for successful test-taking (which means retrieving information)? Multiple choice question. Use retrieval cues to trigger your insights. Use your episodic memory, specifically autobiographical memories, to best advantage. Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded. Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished.

Use your episodic memory, specifically autobiographical memories, to best advantage.

Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Eidetic imagery Visuo-spatial sketchpad Central executive Phonological loop

Visuo-spatial sketchpad Central executive Phonological loop

Which of the following are explanations for why the primacy effect occurs? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. The first few items benefit from being the most recently presented. When the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time. The first few items are rehearsed more. The first few items are more elaboratively processed.

When the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time. The first few items are rehearsed more. The first few items are more elaboratively processed.

_________ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

Implicit

The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. Which of the following describe this memory disorder? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. It can affect memories differentially. It can affect the retention of new memories. It can be anterograde or retrograde. It can break down later memories.

It can affect memories differentially. It can affect the retention of new memories. It can be anterograde or retrograde.

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. It involves procedural memory, which is memory for skills. It can store information longer than sensory memory. It can hold unlimited information. It is a limited-capacity memory system.

It can store information longer than sensory memory. It is a limited-capacity memory system.

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. It is memory for how to perform skills and tasks. It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory. It is a memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.

It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory.

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. It is based on principles of Ebbinghaus. It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory. It consists of three parts. It is a mental blackboard.

It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory. It consists of three parts. It is a mental blackboard. based on Baddeley's work.

What is the role of the amygdala in memory? Multiple choice question. It plays an important role in emotional memory. It plays an important role in organizational memory. It plays an important role in skill-based memory. It plays an important role in priming.

It plays an important role in emotional memory.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? The stronger the emotion, the more lasting the memory. Less emotion means that you will have clearer memory for a situation. Too much stress starts interfering with memory. Too much stress interferes with the accuracy of memory storage.

Less emotion means that you will have clearer memory for a situation.

____ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ______ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items. Multiple choice question. Recall; association Recall; recognition Recognition; recall Association; recognition

Recall; recognition

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage? Multiple choice question. Elaboration Rehearsal Retrieval Encoding

Retrieval

______ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

Retrieval

___ amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of the individual's past. Multiple choice question. Retrograde Divided Anterograde Prospective

Retrograde

A subtype of implicit memory involves _____ _____, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety. Multiple choice question. working memory episodic memory procedural memory classical conditioning

classical conditioning

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events. Multiple choice question. unintentional non-conscious conscious classically conditioned

conscious

The term used to describe auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is _______ memory.

echoic

The term used to describe auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is _____. Multiple choice question. echoic memory stereoscopic memory iconic memory auditory storage

echoic memory

The initial recording of information into memory is called _______.

encoding

The process by which information gets into memory storage is called Multiple Choice attention. encoding. processing. storing.

encoding.

What types of memories do the hippocampus and the amygdala record? episodic and semantic semantic and gustatory gustatory and episodic semantic and olfactory

episodic and semantic

During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _____ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _____ memory. Multiple choice question. episodic; semantic semantic; episodic implicit; explicit priming; implicit

episodic; semantic

Anthony is excellent at preparing multicourse meals. He is excellent at planning and knowing when to start cooking each item so everything is ready at just the right time, and he knows exactly when certain dishes in the meal require more prep time and cooking attention compared to others. All of these skills are involved in _____. Multiple choice question. executive attention memory retrieval sustained attention top-down processing

executive attention

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in _____ memory. Multiple select question. implicit explicit memory prospective retrospective

explicit memory prospective retrospective

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H. M.'s _____ memory was impaired, but his _____ memory was less affected. Multiple choice question. implicit; explicit iconic; echoic explicit; implicit echoic; iconic

explicit; implicit

Sperling's classic study on _____ memory determined that information can be forgotten very quickly. Multiple choice question. iconic long-term short-term echoic

iconic

Sperling's classic study on sensory memory determined that information held in ______ memory can be forgotten very quickly.

iconic

The term used to describe visual sensory memory, which is retained for about 1/4 of a second, is _____. Multiple choice question. echoic memory iconic memory visual storage imagery memory

iconic memory

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental _______ to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. the serial position effect sensory memory imagery chunking

imagery

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory. Multiple choice question. semantic explicit implicit episodic

implicit

If you are asked to remember a list of words, the words memorized ______ are the least likely to be remembered. Multiple choice question. at the beginning last in the middle

in the middle

Rehearsal increases the _____. Multiple choice question. length of time that information can be held in short-term memory amount of information that can be held in sensory memory length of time that information can be held in sensory memory amount of information that can be held in short-term memory

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory. Multiple choice question. short-term visuospatial working long-term sensory

long-term

A researcher is interested in the retention of information or experience over time. What is her area of expertise? Multiple Choice cognition memory retrieval encoding

memory

The constant stimulation of technology can activate dopamine cells in the nucleus accumbens, which is a main pain center of the brain. pleasure center of the brain. thinking center of the brain. vision center of the brain.

pleasure center of the brain.

Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh, well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the _____ effect. Multiple choice question. recency reminiscence chunking primacy

primacy

In terms of the effects of serial position, the ______ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

primacy

The _____ effect occurs because those items in a list are rehearsed more, they are more elaborately processed, and they are able to get the benefit of more rehearsal time with less competition from other items.

primacy

If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used _____, a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance. Multiple choice question. classical conditioning priming semantic memory episodic memory

priming

If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used ______, a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance.

priming

You have studied French for years, but you are now taking a class in Spanish. When asked the Spanish word for red, you come up with the French word instead. This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. proactive interference anterograde amnesia retroactive interference retrograde amnesia

proactive interference

Your best female friend is getting married and has decided to take her husband's last name. Now, whenever you try to remember her full name, her maiden name pops into your mind instead of her newer last name. This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. anterograde amnesia proactive interference retrograde amnesia retroactive interference

proactive interference

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory. Multiple choice question. procedural prospective autobiographical repressed

procedural

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory. Multiple choice question. explicit procedural semantic episodic

procedural

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory. Multiple choice question. procedural implicit prospective retrospective

prospective

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory. Multiple choice question. prospective procedural retrospective implicit

prospective

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory. Multiple choice question. prospective retrospective retroactive proactive

prospective

In the context of serial position, the ________ effect is when one can recall items at the end of the list.

recency

Oscar was asked to memorize a list of words for a psychology experiment. He was then asked to repeat them. He found he could repeat the last three words. In the context of serial position, this illustrates the _____ effect.

recency

The ______ effect occurs because those items in a list may still be in working memory, and the placement of the items' presentation within a list makes them easier to recall.

recency

Which of the following is NOT a reason that forgetting occurs? Multiple Choice decay interference encoding failure regression

regression

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. elaboration priming long-term memory rehearsal

rehearsal

The conscious repetition of information is also known as Multiple choice question. working memory. chunking. sensory memory. rehearsal.

rehearsal.

Memory is defined as the _____. Multiple choice question. process of getting information out of storage retention of information or experience over time ability to concentrate on more than one activity at a time process of getting information into storage

retention of information or experience over time

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as ______ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

Memory ________ is a process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage, that is, when we recall or otherwise remember something.

retrieval

After years of taking French, you study Spanish. When the word for red in Spanish is required, you correctly say rojo. But you can't remember the French word for red. This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. proactive interference anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia retroactive interference

retroactive interference

After David sustained a traumatic brain injury, he has discovered that he can't remember anything that happened in the last four years, but he can learn new information just as well as he did before the injury. David is likely experiencing _____ amnesia.

retrograde

A mental framework that develops from our experiences is known as a Multiple Choice schema. thought. behavior. cognition.

schema

A(n) _____ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information. Multiple choice question. node association script schema

schema

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____. Multiple choice question. multitasking selective attention storage divided attention

selective attention

You are having fun joking around with the new boy in your school. There are some other students talking not too far away, but you don't even realize they are there until you hear one of them say your name. This is an example of Multiple Choice selective attention. sustained attention. multitasking. an interdependent attentional process.

selective attention.

David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _____ memory. Multiple choice question. implicit priming semantic episodic

semantic

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as ______.

semantic

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are ________ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

You are at a concert, you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, and smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. The best description of this is _______ memory.

sensory

The _______ position effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

serial

According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is _____ plus or minus _____. Multiple choice question. two; one nine; five seven; two four; two

seven; two

Information must be encoded and ______ in order to be retrieved later.

stored

Samuel has been carefully entering numbers into a spreadsheet for a class project. He is focusing so hard that he hardly notices the sound of the television in a nearby room or his younger siblings playing outside. Samuel is involved in a ____ attention task.

sustained

______ attention is what you need most when you have a long, boring chapter to read.

sustained

Dr. Brown is carefully grading student papers. He has been entering the grades from each paper for over 2 hours, and he is concentrating so hard that he doesn't even hear the music playing from the radio in his office. Dr. Brown's situation is a good example of _____. Multiple choice question. multitasking divided attention distracted attention sustained attention

sustained attention

Short-term memory allows us to keep track of information that is important to us. that we need for a very brief time. often for decades. in crisp, predictable patterns.

that we need for a very brief time.

Which of the following could be used as a metaphor for the capacity of working memory? Multiple choice question. the keypad of a cellphone the RAM of a computer the hard drive of a computer the table of contents of a textbook

the RAM of a computer

Rehearsal involves ______ information. Multiple choice question. unconsciously remembering the conscious repetition of psychologically connecting the biological memory of

the conscious repetition of

Attention is defined as Multiple Choice our ability to watch and listen carefully. a potentially limitless ability to take in the sights and sounds around us. the limited capacity to process information under our conscious control. sitting quietly and noticing everything that is going on around us.

the limited capacity to process information under our conscious control.

Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates _____. Multiple choice question. parallel distributed processing the encoding specificity principle the serial position effect context-dependent memory

the serial position effect

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____. Multiple choice question. a memory center exists in the brain, but researchers can't agree on its location no conclusions can be made about a memory center in the brain there is no one memory center in the brain there is a memory center in the brain

there is no one memory center in the brain

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to _________ events.

traumatic

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to ____________ events.

traumatic

According to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider _____. Multiple choice question. how they look where they are how they sound what they mean

what they mean

the concept of _____ memory was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

working

_____ involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.

Chunking

True or false: Flashbulb memories tend to be extremely accurate.

False

_________ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

Memory

_______ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

Selective

Which of the following are true in regard to memories of traumatic events? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. They may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events. They may be subject to deterioration and distortion. They are likely rehearsed the day before the traumatic event. Stress-related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma.

They may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events. They may be subject to deterioration and distortion. Stress-related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma.

True or false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive.

True

True or false: Mimi is enthusiastic about baking and has used her grandmother's apple pie recipe for a number of years. Lately, she has been enrolled in pastry classes where she has learned to make six varieties of apple pie, so when she tries to make her grandmother's recipe, she becomes confused about ingredients. This is an example of retroactive interference.

True

Which of the following are tips to help you encode information successfully? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Use imagery. Make mental pictures of the information. Pay attention to the information. Engage in multitasking while learning the information. Make associations that connect the information to your own life.

Use imagery. Make mental pictures of the information. Pay attention to the information. Make associations that connect the information to your own life.

______ memory can be thought of as a mental blackboard, a place where we can imagine and visualize.

Working

H. M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. retrograde amnesia anterograde amnesia retroactive interference

anterograde amnesia

Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is _______.

chunking

Mitch just completed his psychology homework, where he took an assignment that replicated the Sperling research. When he attempted the whole report, he got four letters correct. His results are above average; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around two or three correct letters when they attempted whole report. below average; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around seven or eight correct letters when they attempted whole report. consistent; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around four or five correct letters when they attempted whole report. unknown; Sperling did not state how subjects did on the whole report, just on the partial and delayed reports.

consistent; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around four or five correct letters when they attempted whole report.

The process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed is called _____. Multiple choice question. consolidation mirroring networking connectionism

consolidation

Schemas help us Multiple Choice determine the way information is interpreted, stored, and recalled. organize visual stimuli and integrate the information with other sensory experiences. select an appropriate range of actions for a given situation based upon social cues. regulate the process of motivation based on instinctual urges or unconscious motives.

determine the way information is interpreted, stored, and recalled.

Concentrating on more than one activity at a time is called _____. Multiple choice question. working memory sustained attention encoding divided attention

divided attention

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of _____ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

episodic

The type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a July 4th sparkler is ____ memory.

iconic or sensory

The ____ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information in working memory.

phonological; loop

A _______ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

schema

______ attention is what you need when you are trying to concentrate and the people near you are being very noisy.

selective

Saving information for future use is called _____. Multiple choice question. storage retrieval encoding retention

storage

When using memory retrieval, the information that an individual is searching for comes out of _______.

storage

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory. Multiple choice question. three two four

three

Short-term memory can retain about _____ pieces of complex information. Multiple choice question. 13 to 17 3 to 5 5 to 9 9 to 13

5 to 9

Short-term memory can retain about _____ pieces of complex information. Multiple choice question. 3 to 5 13 to 17 9 to 13 5 to 9

5 to 9

When Clifford Nass, a social psychologist at Stanford, showed pictures of human faces and read stories to online multitaskers, they had difficulty in identifying the emotions on the faces of people in pictures. identifying the emotions of the people in the story. identifying what they would do to make the person in the story feel better. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

_______ disease is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning.

Alzheimer's

_____ amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened AFTER you fell down and hit your head.

Anterograde

During a psychology lecture, you check your social media updates regularly on your mobile device. Which of the following statements is FALSE? Multiple Choice Because you are multitasking, your attention is divided. Because you are less focused, you are more likely to encode information for memory. If you put your phone away, you are more likely to engage in deep processing. You may remember some of the material from the lecture, even while you were looking at your phone, due to intermediate processing.

Because you are less focused, you are more likely to encode information for memory.

A subtype of implicit memory involves _____ _____, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

Blank 1: classical Blank 2: conditioning

During her first week of college, Hazel attended a lecture on the periodic table of elements. Her memory of being at that lecture is _____ memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is ____ memory.

Blank 1: episodic Blank 2: semantic

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H. M.'s _______ memory was impaired, but his __________ memory was less affected.

Blank 1: explicit Blank 2: implicit

There are two aspects of the serial position effect: Better recall for items at the beginning is referred to as the ________ effect, and better recall for items at the end is referred to as ________.

Blank 1: primacy Blank 2: recency

Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young. Although the children keep asking Lee Anne for stories about when she was a little girl, Lee Anne can more easily remember events when she was a teenager and in her 20s. Lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the ________ ________.

Blank 1: reminiscence Blank 2: bump

According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is _____ plus or minus _____.

Blank 1: seven or 7 Blank 2: two or 2

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from _____-term memory to ______-term memory.

Blank 1: short Blank 2: long

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of _____-________ memory.

Blank 1: short Blank 2: term

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory? Multiple choice question. Take advantage of elaborative rehearsal. Chunk the information. Rehearse the information. Study the same information several times.

Chunk the information.

Which of the following involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units? Multiple choice question. Recalling Workspacing Packaging Chunking

Chunking

_______ is the process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed.

Consolidation

At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information? Multiple choice question. High level Shallow level Intermediate level Deepest level

Deepest level

There are _____ levels of autobiographical memory. Multiple choice question. 12 3 6 2

3

Working memory has a different capacity than short-term memory. In working memory, if chunks are relatively complex, most young adults can remember how many chunks of information? Multiple choice question. 7 to 9 1 to 3 3 to 5 4 to 8

3 to 5

The general term ____ refers to the loss of memory.

amnesia

Which of the following may lead to inaccurate memories for traumatic events? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Discussing the traumatic event with others may result in contaminating the memory with information from others. Information may be distorted in retelling the event to make the event seem less traumatic. Therapy after the trauma could erase the information from memory. Memory for traumatic events tends to be highly accurate over time. People could make perceptual errors during encoding because the event was so traumatic.

Discussing the traumatic event with others may result in contaminating the memory with information from others. Information may be distorted in retelling the event to make the event seem less traumatic. People could make perceptual errors during encoding because the event was so traumatic.

________ attention involves concentrating on more than one task or activity at a time.

Divided

The term used to denote auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is

Echoic memory

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using? Multiple choice question. Short-term memory Encoding Retrieval Storage

Encoding

Which of the following is NOT a good tip to help you encode information successfully? Multiple choice question. Engage in multitasking while learning the information. Make associations that connect the information to your own life. Pay attention to the information. Use imagery. Make mental pictures of the information.

Engage in multitasking while learning the information.

Which of the following are important strategies for successful test-taking (which means retrieving information)? Multiple select question. Be sure to use multitasking in order to optimize your performance. Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished. Use your episodic memory, specifically autobiographical memories, to best advantage. Use retrieval cues to trigger your insights. Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded.

Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished. Use retrieval cues to trigger your insights. Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded.

Which of these statements about long-term memory is FALSE? Short-term memories that are particularly important to us move into long-term memory. Long-term memory can last for decades. Most long-term memories are stored as a single entity. Our minds present long-term memories to us as a single entity, but the memory is actually stored in many pieces.

Most long-term memories are stored as a single entity.

Cora is taking one of the Sperling tests. She was asked to look at a flash of 12 letters, but until she was asked to report her results, she did not know which row she would be asked to remember. Which of the following report conditions did she take? Whole Report Partial Report Delayed Report Iconic Report

Partial Report

Alzheimer's disease involves deterioration of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Physical functioning Blood pressure Language Heart function Memory Reasoning

Physical functioning Language Memory Reasoning

What is "popcorn brain"? Multiple Choice a brain that is so accustomed to the constant stimulation of electronic multitasking that it is unfit for life offline, where things pop at a much slower pace a brain that has been so overstimulated by technology that it has popped all of the neurotransmitters out of cells and used them up a brain that felt like it was packed in popcorn when attempting to do anything that was at too slow of a pace a brain that sporadically associates (or pops) what was learned online with what is encountered in day-to-day life

a brain that is so accustomed to the constant stimulation of electronic multitasking that it is unfit for life offline, where things pop at a much slower pace

Label each type of retrieval failure. a) The theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember. b) Theory stating that when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates, suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting. c) Type of effortable retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but cannot quite pul it out of memory d) Remembering information about doing something in the future. e) The loss of memory

a) Interference theory b) Decay theory c) Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon d) Prospective memory e) Amnesia

In the video, 32-year-old Trish McCosker is affected by a severe short-term memory disorder that developed after a car accident in her teen years. after she was stricken with a virus that left her comatose for three weeks. when she was bitten by a black widow spider. when she underwent neurosurgery for temporal lobe seizures.

after she was stricken with a virus that left her comatose for three weeks.

A specific part of the brain, the _________, plays an important role in emotional memory.

amygdala

A special form of episodic memory is _______ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.

autobiographical

long-term memory is a _____type of memory that stores huge amounts of information

permanent

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _____. Multiple choice question. this strategy won't improve memory but will result in the students liking her more than other professors this will allow the information to stay in sensory memory for longer the first items learned are more easily remembered because they are rehearsed more memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

Dr. Wiley asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wiley is familiar with the research on memory and understands that Multiple choice question. people only remember things related to current events. memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better. the first items learned are more easily remembered. this information will stay in sensory memory longer.

memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.

Talking on the phone while driving a car is an example of

multitasking

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information. Multiple choice question. shortened working phonological permanent

permanent