Chapter 6 - Personality (and the emerging self) - 175 - 187

Guilt

feeling upset about having cause dharm to a person or about having viaolated one's internal standard of behavior.

Reactive aggression

A hostile or destructive act carried outin response to being frustrated or hurt. Hurt, threatened or deprived. White hot, disorganized rage. Blindly lash out.

Relational aggression

A hostile or destructive act designed to casue arm to a person's relationships. Devious.

When does self-esteem first become a major issue?

In elementary school.

Industry versus inferiority

The psychosocial task of middle childhood involving managing our emotions and realizing that real world success involves hard work. age 6 - 12

What is hostile attributionsal bias?

The tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign.

How does ranking each other play a role?

They loose self confidence.

T or F. The amound of spontaneous sharing at ages 3 and 4 is prositively correlated with prosocial behavior in young adulthood.

True

Describe the two-step pathway to being labeled a highly aggresssive or antisocial child.

1) Th etodder's exuberant temperament evokes harsh discipline. 2) The child is rejected by teachers and peers in school.

Instrumental aggression

A hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal. Calculated cool emotional tone.

Aggression

A hostile or destructive act.

How is sympathy related to altruism?

A necessary prosocial state for altruism - feel sorry for them and help them.

What is learned helplessness?

A state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up without trying.

What causes children like Manuel to act in altruistic ways?

Confident, happy superior executive functions.

What are Harter's five basic competence areas?

Accademics, behavior conduct (obedience or being good), athletic skills (performance in sports), peer likability (popular), physical appearance (looks).

How does culture affect prosocial behavior?

American broadcast prosocial behavior. Japanese dont.

What does Harter believe that children do during concrete operations?

Children can realisticaly evaluate thier abilites andd decide whether they like or dislike the person they see,

Contrast empathy and sympathy?

Empathy - feeling the exact emotions that another person is experiencing. Sympathy - feeling upset for a person who needs help.

Initiative versus guilt

Erik Erikson term for the pre-school psycholsocial taks involving activiey take on life tasks.

Self-esteem

Evaluating oneself as either 'good' or 'bad' as a result of comparing the self to other people.

What are the consequesnces of externalizing and internalizing problems?

Externalizing - may deny the reality. Internalizing - may cause them to read failure into benign events.

T or F. Concrete reinforcements are effective at fostering prosocial behavior.

False - relatively ineffective.

T or F. ANy amount of instrumental or reactive aggression is a problem.

False - without aggression our species would wipe out.

Why is it important to encourage accurate perceptions>

Feeling loved by their attachment figures provides a cushion when children understand they are having trouble in an important area of life.

At what age does prosocial behavior develop?

Full swing by preschool. Elementary school - use more frequently - concrete operational - more prone to act prosocially because they have better skills.

_____________ prosocial behaviors involve altruism>

Genuinely.

Aggression refers to any act designed to cause _____________.

Harm.

Are fearfull and non-empathetic children more or less prosocial

Less prosocial.

Why is giving a child 'good boy' stars just to boost his esteem likely to backfire?

Need to promotee realistic erceptions about the self. - I can succeed if I work har.

Personality

One's habitual style oof thinking, feeling, behaving, coping and relating.

Altruism

Prosocial behaviors that are carried out for selfless, non-egocentric reasons.

Define altruism and give an example.

Prosocial behaviors that are carried out for selfless, non-egocentric reasons.

Girls engage in ___________ aggression more than boys.

Relational aggression

What happens around the world to children's self esteem during elementary school?

Self-esteem tends to decline.

Wht is prosocial behavior?

Sharing, helping, and caring actions.

What are the negative of the discounting process in self-esteem?

Some children take this discounting to an extreme - minimizing their problems in essential areas of life.

Self-awareness

THe ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and reflec on our inner state.

How can you foster self-efficacy in a child?

TO enhancing academic self-efficiacy is to praise children for their effort - you are trying hard.

Hoe does culture affect the developments of self-esteem?

Teacher compliments white student - she really likes me. Teacher compliments black student - she only complimented me because se believes that African Americans aren't smart.

Having the sense of inferiority is __________________.

That we don't measure up.

What is induction?

The ideal discipline stylle for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathizes with the pain he has caused the other person.

How does the discounting process affect self-esteem?

Vitally important, it lets us gain self-esteem from the areas in which we shine. (I might not be accademic, but I have great relationship skills)

What does Erikson mean by industry versus inferiority?

We know we are not just wonderful, and we are vulnerable to low self-esteem - or inferiority - having the painful sense that we don't measure up.

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

When human being are thwarted, we are biologically primed dto relatiate or strike back.

When are people most prosocial

When they are happy.

How does induction relate to prosocial behavior?

Works because it stimulates the emotion called guilt. The child moves off his own punishment onto the other childs distress.

Shame

a feeliing of being persoonally humiliated.

People can become altruistic out of ____________.

guilt

As they get older childrens self-esteem doesn't just hinge on one _____________.

quality

Induction works because it stimulates _________.

the emotion called guilt.