Chapter 6

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Which of the following best defines valence?

It is the believed worth of the results of one's efforts.

According to expectancy theory, which of the following statements concerning motivational force is true?

Motivation increases as successful performance is linked to more and more attractive outcomes.

Which three of the following are reasons an employee may be more motivated than his or her counterparts?

The employee has specific, challenging, and achievable goals. The employee has feelings of expectancy and instrumentality. The employee has feelings of psychological empowerment.

True or false: Motivational force equals zero if any of the three beliefs of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence is zero.

True

Which element of S.M.A.R.T. goals proposes that goals should be challenging yet attainable?

achievable

Workers who believe that their workplaces have a sense of equity are more likely to exhibit ______ behaviors and less likely to exhibit ______ behaviors.

citizenship counter productive

Katrina discovers that she is earning significantly more than a coworker with more experience. She justifies this by telling herself that she is paid more because she puts more effort into the job than her coworker. Katrina's views are an example of

cognitive distortion

Raul compares himself with other employees in his company who are doing different jobs. What type of comparison is Raul performing?

company equity

Kendra has been working for Harmon Electronics as a quality-control inspector for three years. She learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. What is Kendra's coworker, according to the equity theory?

comparison other

Tyler works in customer service for a large financial services firm but wants to ultimately work as a financial analyst, so he is taking advantage of training opportunities at work and seeking challenging assignments that can enhance his skills. Tyler is attempting to build which dimension of psychological empowerment?

competance

Which dimension of psychological empowerment refers to an employee's belief that he or she can perform his or her professional work at a high level?

competence

A(n) ______ goal is one that stretches employees to perform at their maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of their ability.

difficult

When the company announced a sales contest for the following month, Alicia decided to enter. Her choice represents Alicia's ______ of effort.

direction

Employee ______ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs.

engagement

Employees with high ______ are fully absorbed and enthusiastic about their work and devote a lot of energy to the job.

engagment

Janys has just learned that her coworker, who has fewer years of experience and less education, earns more than she does. According to equity theory, what will Janys experience?

equity distress

When a person becomes upset because he compares his equity with others and finds his own equity lacking, he might be experiencing what phenomenon?

equity distress

What theory asserts that a person's motivation is based on what he or she considers to be fair when compared to others?

equity theory

Which of the following motivation theories considers the ratio between outcomes and inputs and recognizes that outcomes depend in part on what occurs in the lives of others?

equity theory

An individual's perceived probability that his or her effort will result in positive outcomes is known as

expectancy

Owen believes that if he studies hard for the next organizational behavior test, he will perform well. This is an example of what kind of belief?

expectancy

Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?

expectancy theory

Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of ______ forces in Danielle's motivation.

external

Since Jake is the only purchasing manager in his company, he compares his salary and benefit package with those of purchasing managers in other, similar-sized companies. Jake is using what kind of indicators to examine his position?

external comparisons

When other people recognize the success of others and reward them for their success, it typically fosters ______ motivation.

extrinistic

Gale is responsible for developing the organization's strategic plan. She and her manager meet weekly to discuss her progress. This is an example of which type of moderator on task performance?

feedback

"Money is a tool to be able to do things and travel where I want." This statement emphasizes the dimension of ______ in the symbolic value of money.

freedom

Three common symbolic meanings of money are achievement, respect, and

freedom

Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?

goal

The determination with which employees establish a goal and the efforts they will take to achieve it is called

goal commitment

Which theory of motivation argues that goals determine the work actions of people?

goal setting theory

Tony is a member of a small research team for a pharmaceutical company. One of the aspects of his job that he loves best is that he can readily point to his contributions to the team's projects and genuinely feels like he makes a difference in the success of the team. This is an example of which dimension of psychological empowerment?

impact

When people feel that their work makes a difference and contributes to progress, they experience what form of psychological empowerment?

impact

Elena is the sales manager for a floor tiling company. She sees that the sales numbers for Roger have been slipping and wants him to do a better job. Under goal-setting theory, which of the following goals for Roger would most likely result in higher levels of task performance?

increase sales by 25 percent during the next quarter

Kelli believes that if she does well on the next test, she will earn an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief?

instrumentality

People who believe that a successful performance will result in a certain outcome are experiencing

instrumentality

An individual's self-confidence and need for achievement are considered ______ forces in motivation.

internal

In terms of equity theory, a(n) ______ refers to an employee examining others within the same organization.

internal comparison

Finding self-satisfaction in doing a job well leads to ______ motivation.

intristic

When an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. This is a form of what kind of motivation?

intristic

Which of the following are reasons some employees may lack motivation?

lack of confidence assignment of an ambiguous goal

In terms of equity theory, what is the term for the process in which people think about things in new ways--but do not change their behaviors--in order to regain intellectual balance?

meaningfullness

Peggy is passionate about her job as an adoption counselor at the local humane shelter. She feels that her job helps her fulfill the value she places on saving the lives of homeless animals. This is an example of which element of psychological empowerment?

meaningfullness

What is the term for groups of beliefs or results that people believe are physically and mentally important?

needs

Purchasing manager Jake compares his situation with that of purchasing managers in other similar-sized companies. What type of comparison is Jake performing?

occupational equity

Profit sharing depends on the performance of an entire company. What type of focus does this compensation plan have?

organization

After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person's. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation?

overrewarded inequity

Direction, intensity, and are the components of motivation that contribute to an employee's work.

persistance

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?

promotions and pay

What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause?

psychological empowerment

Which of the following would be considered "positively valenced" outcomes for most people?

salary increase and promotion

Employees who have a degree of autonomy in their work tasks are likely to experience which dimension of psychological empowerment?

self determination

One of the aspects that Ricardo loves best about running a branch office is that the people in headquarters leave him alone and give him considerable latitude in making decisions for the branch. Which component of psychological empowerment does this represent?

self determination

Employees who experience what motivator tend to produce the best professional results?

self efficacy

Even though Linda hasn't planned an event quite as large as her company's Christmas party before, she is confident that she'll be able to manage it successfully. It appears that Linda has a high level of what type of belief?

self efficacy

People with what type of belief think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?

self efficacy

Rank the following motivating forces in order of their strength on job performance, with the strongest job performance motivator listed at top and the lowest job performance motivator listed at bottom. Instructions

self efficacy, specific goals, increased valence, perceptions of equity

Laura's dean has asked her to develop course lectures for an organizational behavior course by the end of the semester. In order to monitor her progress against this goal, Laura establishes mini-milestones to keep her on track and aims to develop lectures for at least two chapters per week. What is a term for these internalized milestones?

self set her goals

Which of the following needs would be categorized as existence needs?

shelter and safety

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?

skills and experience

Alexis owns an executive search firm and has established a goal for each of her recruiters to make contact with 25 or more potential candidates each day. This illustrates which of the following concepts of S.M.A.R.T. goals?

specific measurable and time sensitive

Setting specific, challenging goals encourages workers to develop plans that teach them new things and answer their dilemmas. These plans are known by what term?

task strategies

What might happen if employees feel that they have less equity in their workplaces?

they might take action against their workplaces

True or false: Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks.

true

True or false: One of the problems with determining needs is that people's conceptions of needs vary between different cultures or even between individuals.

true

When you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you suddenly realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. According to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state?

underreward inequality

According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and

valence

The belief known as relates to the question "Does the outcome have any value to me?"

valence

Laura is nervous about donating blood at the blood drive at work, but she sees coworkers donating blood and thinks, "If they can do it, I can do it!" This is an example of which source of self-efficacy?

vicarious experiences


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