chapter 7, 8, 9

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This best illustrates the use of _____ organization.

hierarchical

processing sites for your explicit memories

hippocampus & frontal lobes

our tendency to approach a problem with the mind-set of what has worked for us previously

mental set

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

mirror neurons

the smallest language units that carry meaning

morpheme

occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information

retroactive interference

our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first (a primacy effect) items in a list explains why we may have large holes in our memory of a list of recent events

serial position effect

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses.

serotonin

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

shaping

plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning

the cerebellum

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

fixed interval

the way we present an issue

framing

the system of rules that enables us to communicate with one another

grammar

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

concepts

operates when we estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are

availability heuristic

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

conditioned reinforcer

simpler thinking strategies

heuristics

where is Broca's area?

left frontal lobe

where is wernicke's area?

left temporal lobe

whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

linguistic determinism

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

long term potentiation

what is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

long term potentiation

deep brain structures involved in motor movement that facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills

basal ganglia

Intelligence tests, which are intended to assess aptitude and typically demand a single correct answer, require __________

convergent thinking

the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable

creativity

one-word stage begins around

1 year

two-word stage begins around

2 years

babbling stage begins around

4 months

step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

algorithms

an impairment of language

aphasia

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.

association; imitation

Through direct experience with animals, people come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

associative learning

our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

belief perserverance

Learning to ride a bike is likely to require activation of the _____ rather than the ______.

cerebellum and basal ganglia; hippocampus

Psychologists refer to the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating as _____.

cognition

Creativity tests (How many uses can you think of for a brick?) require _______

divergent thinking

helps us understand how cues specific to an event or person will most effectively trigger that memory

encoding specificity principle

well-developed knowledge

expertise

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)

explicit memory

requires conscious thought—such as recalling who came to dinner last night or naming animals that live in the rainforest

explicit memory

procedural memory, which helps people performing certain tasks without conscious awareness of previous experiences

implicit memory

Sudden Aha! reaction that provides instant realization of the solution

insight

an abrupt, true-seeming, and often satisfying solution

insight

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

latent learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

learning

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when either the "a" or "b" choice is selected. Employees continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates:

operant conditioning

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of:

operant conditioning

the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments

overconfidence

Injury to the left _____ lobe damages the convergent thinking required by intelligence test scores and for school success. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

parietal

the smallest distinctive sound units in a language

phoneme

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

primary reinforcer

is the activation (often without our awareness) of associations

priming

occurs when prior learning disrupts your recall of new information

proactive interference

the ability to produce sounds and eventually words

productive language

a mental image or best example of a category

prototype

the ability to understand what is said to and about someone

receptive language