Chapter 7

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct colum. Accident

Accident: I have every right to burn tires in my backyard. It's a free country.

Which of the following is the translation for post hoc, ergo propter hoc? Before this, therefore because of it. After this, therefore because of it.

After this, therefore because of it.

"They say the woods behind our house is haunted and it is true! Last night, my brother Joshua wandered alone into the woods and later, we found him lying unconscious under a tree. Who else could have been responsible for him losing consciousness, but ghosts?" What type of a fallacy is this? Ad hoc ergo propter hoc Loaded question Argument by Anecdote Questionable cause

Argument by Anecdote

This is a type of hasty generalization in which the evidence to support a claim is an isolated story. Begging the question Red herring Straw man Argument by Anecdote

Argument by Anecdote

What type of hasty generalization relies on a story as the evidence? Argument by Anecdote False analogy Slippery slope

Argument by Anecdote

"People always harp on me for smoking and say that I'm going to die of lung disease. Hog wash! My grandpa smoked a pipe every day of his life and lived to be 95!" What fallacy is this? Argument by anecdote Argument by counterexample Argument by rebuttal

Argument by anecdote

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer tries to support a general claim by offering a story

Argument by anecdote

When one attempts to disprove (or support) a cause-and-effect claim by telling a story, one is committing the fallacy of _____. Regression to the statistical mean Overlooking the possibility of coincidence Overlooking the possibility of regression Argument by anecdote

Argument by anecdote

"Don't join the drama club! None of our friends are signing up for that." What type of fallacy is this? Bandwagon fallacy Smokescreen Slippery slope Tu quoque

Bandwagon fallacy

Student to teacher: "You should give extra credit assignments. Every other professor is doing it." What type of fallacy is this? Ad hominem Slippery slope Bandwagon fallacy Misplaced burden of proof

Bandwagon fallacy

"Mr. Gates is a successful businessman; he would make a successful president." What is a problem with this analogy? Mr. Gates has no experience in international matters. We don't know what type of business Mr. Gates leads. Being a successful businessman and being a successful president may require different skill sets.

Being a successful businessman and being a successful president may require different skill sets.

"Jamal conducted a survey of people standing outside a bar and found that almost all of them opposed the new ordinance that prohibits smoking in public places." What is the problem with this study? Disinterested party Vague question Biased sample

Biased sample

"Emma takes great care of her dog. She'd be a great babysitter." What part of this analogy might have some legitimacy? Both situations involve taking care of living things. A dog and a baby are very similar in needs. Emma has experience in both situations.

Both situations involve taking care of living things.

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that the fact that two events happen at about the same time establishes that one caused the other

Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc

Which of the following fallacies is committed when a speaker or writer assumes that the fact that two events happen at about the same time establishes that one caused the other? Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc The bandwagon fallacy Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc The slippery slope fallacy

Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc

Which of the following means "with this, therefore because of it?" Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc

Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc

She was eating bagels both times the principal informed her that her son had been suspended. She concluded that eating bagels was bad luck." What fallacy did she commit? Cum hoc ergo propter hoc Bad timing Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Cum hoc ergo propter hoc

"A and B happened at the same time. Therefore A caused B." What fallacy does this best represent? Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct colum. Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc:

Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc: Obesity is more prevalent among people who live below the poverty line. It is paradoxical that a low-income level can make you fat, but it's the truth.

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct column. Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc:

Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc: Statistics show that smokers disproportionately come from low income areas. We are trying to figure out what is about poverty that makes people smoke. Prostate cancer is almost unheard of in countries where they don't eat meat proof positive that meat in your diet will lead to prostate cancer

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct column. mistaken Appeal to Authority

Fallacious Appeal to Authority: In Stephen Hunter's new novel he showed how a conspiracy was involved in the murder of John F. Kennedy. After reading the book, I've decided the Warren Commission was mistaken and that Lee Harvey Oswald did not act alone. The prayer leader cured her rheumatism. She said he did and who would know better than she? Gay parents cannot raise children correctly. Reverend Jacobs says that, and as a man of God he should know

"Almost all the people who called into MSNBC's news program were against the new Republican initiative. Therefore, I don't think that the public will support the initiative in the long run." What fallacy is this? Fallacy of biased sample Availability heuristic Weak analogy Self-selection fallacy

Fallacy of biased sample

"Almost all the people who called into MSNBC's news program were against the new Republican initiative. Therefore, I don't think that the public will support the initiative in the long run." What fallacy is this? Self-selection fallacy Fallacy of biased sample Weak analogy Availability heuristic

Fallacy of biased sample

This type of fallacious argument is supposed to raise the probability of the conclusion, but are so weak that they fail to do so. Fallacy of induction Fallacy of deduction

Fallacy of induction

"Healthcare is far better in France. My aunt, who lives in Paris, has a number of health problems but receives excellent care." What type of fallacy is this? Fallacy of wishful thinking Overconfidence effect Slippery slope Fallacy of small sample

Fallacy of small sample

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer generalizes about a large or heterogeneous population on the basis of too small a sample

Fallacy of small sample

"People are racist in this neighborhood. I heard a racial slur as I was walking down the street yesterday." What type of fallacy is this? Loaded question Fallacy of the lonely fact Naturalistic fallacy Slippery slope

Fallacy of the lonely fact

An alternative name for the fallacy of hasty generalization

Fallacy of the lonely fact

Mariah and Jennifer are both famous and wealthy. Mariah likes furs. Therefore, Jennifer probably likes furs, too. What type of fallacy is this? False cause False dichotomy False analogy

False analogy

Coming to a conclusion based on evidence from atypical cases is known as what type of fallacy? Generalization from exceptional cases Fallacy of the lonely fact Fallacy of small sample

Generalization from exceptional cases

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer arrives at a general statement by citing an atypical supporting case

Generalizing from Exceptional Cases

"Premature infants are often given a high protein diet to improve their growth. Therefore, if your child is small, you should significantly increase protein consumption." What fallacy is this? Fallacy of cherry picking Misleading vividness Generalizing from exceptional cases

Generalizing from exceptional cases

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct colum. Generalizing from exceptional cases

Generalizing from exceptional cases: There's no freedom of speech in this country. Look at how country radio wouldn't play the Dixie Chicks after they criticized George W. Bush. It took years for Jennifer to get pregnant the first time, but it took only eighteen months after the first child for her to get pregnant again. Clearly, having one child raises the odds of having another.

After the first day of class, I decided that the professor's logic classes were boring. I dropped the class.What type of fallacy is this? False dilemma Ad hominem Appeal to ignorance Hasty generalization

Hasty generalization

What is another term for a fallacy known as Generalizing from Too Few Cases? Quick generalization Non sequitur Quick conclusion Hasty generalization

Hasty generalization

What type of fallacy is the Fallacy of the Lonely Fact? Misplaced burden of proof Ad hominem Appeal to popularity Hasty generalization

Hasty generalization

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct column. Hasty generalization

Hasty generalization: The air in American cities is pretty bad. I was in Houston the other day and the air was foul. I tried to buy a portable heater from the Saber Company last winter and it was back-ordered. After a month, I canceled and decided not to do any more business

"My English teacher says meteors are mainly composed of nickel. Therefore, the meteor I saw last night was composed of nickel." What type of fallacy could this be? Appeal to common belief Slippery slope Mistaken appeal to authority Self-selection

Mistaken appeal to authority

"Everyone knows that life doesn't exist on Mars. That's why I don't believe such crazy things." What type of fallacy is this? Appeal to tradition Appeal to common sense Appeal to science Mistaken appeal to popularity

Mistaken appeal to popularity

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct column. Mistaken appeal to popularity

Mistaken appeal to popularity: Amber isn't very good. After all, she was voted off of "X Factor" Being overweight can't be all that bad for you. Eighty percent of the population of the population over twenty five is overweight

"How can certain religions be against consuming caffeine? People have been consuming caffeine for centuries." What type of fallacy is this? Mistaken appeal to tradition False dilemma Appeal to authority Begging the question

Mistaken appeal to tradition

"Of course democracy is the best form of government. We've had this form for over 200 years." What type of fallacy is this? Mistaken appeal to tradition Appeal to authority Begging the question Ad hominem

Mistaken appeal to tradition

Which fallacy is used when a person tries to justify a practice on the grounds that it is commonly done? Appeal to outrage Appeal to sympathy Mistaken appeal to tradition Appeal to authority

Mistaken appeal to tradition

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer overlooks the possibility that two things may both be the effects of a third thing

Overlooking a Possible Common Cause

"After neighbors set carved pumpkins on their doorsteps, little children dressed like goblins went around begging for candy. Janel concluded that the pumpkins drove the children crazy." What fallacy did Jamal commit? Overlooking the possibility of a coincidence Overlooking a possible common cause Overlooking the chain of events

Overlooking a possible common cause

"George woke up with spots all over his body. A few hours later, he had a raging fever. George concluded that the spots caused his fever." What type of fallacy is this? Overlooking a possible common cause Faulty causation Overlooking the line of reasoning

Overlooking a possible common cause

"The snow season begins when days grow short. Therefore, snow causes shorter days." What fallacy is committed here? Overlooking a possible common cause Reversing cause and effect Overlooking the possibility of coincidence

Overlooking a possible common cause

Jack had a terrible headache after he was cited for driving under the influence. He concluded that the strain of being cited gave him a headache. In the context of the fallacies related to cause and effect, which of the following fallacies is best illustrated in this scenario? Multiple choice question. Overlooking the possibility of regression Overlooking a possible common cause Argument by anecdote

Overlooking a possible common cause

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that a coincidental temporal juxtaposition of two events is due to causation

Overlooking the Possibility of Coincidence

"The president's poll numbers improved slightly this week. Therefore people like him more this week." What fallacy might be involved here? Overlooking that Polls are Meaningless Overlooking the Possibility of a Common Cause Overlooking the Possibility of Changes in Public Opinion Overlooking the Possibility of Random Variation

Overlooking the Possibility of Random Variation

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that random fluctuation is due to causation

Overlooking the Possibility of Random Variation

fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that a change in the value of a variable from more atypical to less on subsequent measurements is due to causation

Overlooking the Possibility of Regression

"I was eating grapes when I noticed a rash on my finger. I must be allergic to grapes." What fallacy could this be? Overlooking the possibility of coincidence Slippery slope Overlooking a possible common cause False dilemma

Overlooking the possibility of coincidence

"The email was titled 'Money Bags' and said that if I forwarded the message, I would receive cash. Sure enough, I sent it out to 200 friends, and the next day my tax refund showed up." What fallacy is this? Overlooking the possibility of luck Slippery slope Overlooking the possibility of coincidence

Overlooking the possibility of coincidence

Tina develops a nervous tick while living near a nuclear power plant and concludes that the tick has to do with the plant. In the context of the fallacies related to cause and effect, which of the following fallacies is best illustrated in this scenario? Overlooking the possibility of regression Overlooking the possibility of coincidence Argument by anecdote Overlooking the possibility of random variation

Overlooking the possibility of coincidence

Which fallacy ignores the fact that simultaneously occurring events need not always be causally related? Overlooking the possibility of regression Overlooking the possibility of coincidence Overlooking the possibility of causation Overlooking the possibility of simultaneous events

Overlooking the possibility of coincidence

"In a randomized experiment, lab rats who were exposed to two hours of moonlight each night for six months had a higher rate of stomach cancer than a similar group of rats who did not have exposure. This indicates that moonlight causes cancer in rats." What type of fallacy might be possible here? Overlooking the possibility of biases in the sample Overlooking the possibility of a skewed population Overlooking the possibility of random variation

Overlooking the possibility of random variation

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct column. Overlooking the possibility of random variation

Overlooking the possibility of random variation: Attendance is up today. Today must think there is a test

"Jamal kicked a 60-yard field goal for the first time last night. Clearly he's hot! He probably will kick one even further next game." What fallacy does this reasoning commit? Overlooking statistical measures Overlooking the possibility of regression Overlooking the randomness inherent in sports

Overlooking the possibility of regression

"My son completed his last rounds of vaccinations. Two months later, he was diagnosed with autism. I knew those vaccines were harmful." What fallacy is this? Misplaced timing Post hoc ergo propter hoc Slippery slope

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that the fact that one event came after another establishes that it was caused by it

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Which fallacy mistakenly assumes that because an event precedes another event, it caused it. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc Appeal to time Com hoc, ergo propter hoc False dilemma

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

"Most respondents in a FOX News poll said they would vote Republican in the next presidential election. Therefore, most Americans will vote Republican in the next presidential election." What fallacy is this? Argument from fear Self-selection fallacy Overconfidence effect Straw man

Self-selection fallacy

"You want to ban Harry Potter? What is next? Shakespeare?" What type of fallacy does this represent? Two wrongs make a right Misplaced burden of proof Ad hominem Slippery slope

Slippery slope

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct colum. Slippery slope

Slippery slope: They want me to make it illegal for a running back to hit someone with his helmet? Next thing you know they won't even allow tackling. I better not eat this lemony dessert thing. If I do, there will be no end. Hamburgers chips, ice cream, chocolates-you name it and I will eat all of it. I will explode

A survey conducted in Florida observed that all dancers in the state could also sing well. Therefore one can conclude that all singers in Florida are good dancers. What possibility does this argument overlook? The Possibility of Performance The Possibility of Random Variation The Possibility of Reversed Causation The Possibility of Regression

The Possibility of Reversed Causation

"You should buy this newly launched electronic gadget. It is very popular these days." Which type of fallacy is this? The fallacy of biased sample The slippery slope fallacy The bandwagon fallacy The fallacy of argument by anecdote

The bandwagon fallacy

Any identifiable group of things or persons to be analyzed is the _____. attribute of interest sampling frame population

The fallacy of accident

Tabitha read that as sex education became more widespread, sexually transmitted diseases became more common. She concluded that sex education caused the increase in sexually transmitted diseases. What possibility was she overlooking? Multiple choice question. The possibility of reversed causation The possibility of regression The possibility of a rise in unemployment

The possibility of reversed causation

"I asked for volunteers in the class to fill out my survey. From my results, I can tell that most students expect to do well in the class." What is the problem with this analysis? The surveyor is overconfident The population is undefined The sample is self-selected

The sample is self-selected

"College students at the University of Arizona are exceptionally smart. I tested 5 students and each scored incredibly well." What is the problem with this reasoning? The sample is too small. The population is not defined.

The sample is too small.

Which of the following fallacies is an argument that rests on an unsupported warning that is controversial and tendentious, to the effect that something will progress by degrees to an undesirable outcome? The self-selection fallacy The bandwagon fallacy The slippery slope fallacy The fallacy of the lonely fact

The slippery slope fallacy

An explanation that cannot possibly be tested commits the fallacy of_________explanation.

Untestable

"She's had a series of loser boyfriends simply because she is unlucky in love." What type of fallacy is this? Slippery slope Untestable explanation Argument by anecdote Line drawing

Untestable explanation

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct colum. Untestable explanation

Untestable explanation: Bad luck brought the airplane down.

When a person assumes that a general statement automatically applies to a specific case that could be exceptional, the person is committing the fallacy of_____

accident

Determine the fallacy represented and drag to the correct column. accident

accident: Be prepared. We are traveling to a Third World country; won't be good hotels It's well and good that Apple hired you, but don't expect to be paid much. In country women still get shafted when it comes to pay

A weak_______ is a type of argument based on debatable or unimportant similarities between two or more things.

analogy

When someone tries to support a contention by citing evidence from a nonauthoritative source, it is a mistaken appeal to______

authority

Occurs when a speaker or writer "supports" a contention not by producing a real argument for it but by playing on our desire to be in step with popular opinion

bandwagon fallacy

Sometimes a speaker or writer will try to get one to do something by suggesting that everyone or most people are doing it. The idea is not to cite what people believe as evidence of the truth of a claim. Rather, the attempt is made to induce one to do something by making one feel out of step with things if one doesn't. This is the _____. self-selection fallacy bandwagon fallacy straw man fallacy fallacy of biased sample

bandwagon fallacy

In the context of fallacies related to cause and effect, it is often said that correlation does not prove________

causation

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that a general statement automatically applies to a specific case that is exceptional

fallacy of accident

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer generalizes about a large or heterogeneous population on the basis of an atypical sample

fallacy of biased sample

Fallacies of ________ are arguments that fail to raise the probability of the conclusion.

induction

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer tries to support a contention by offering as evidence the opinion of a nonauthoritative source

mistaken Appeal to Authority

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer treats an issue that cannot be settled by public opinion as if it can

mistaken Appeal to Popularity

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer tries to justify a practice on the grounds that it is traditional or is commonly practiced

mistaken Appeal to common practice

The mistaken appeal to common practice, which is sometimes called mistaken appeal to tradition, is a variant of the mistaken appeal to _____. outrage authority sympathy popularity

popularity

When a person treats an issue that cannot be settled by public opinion as if it can, the person is committing a fallacy of mistaken appeal to ______. popularity perfection evidence authority

popularity

An identifiable group of things

population

Any identifiable group of things or persons to be analyzed is the _____. population attribute of interest sampling frame

population

If the average value of a variable in a population is atypical on one measurement, it is likely to be less atypical on the next measurement. When we overlook this fact, we overlook the possibility of________

regression

A subset of a population is also known as a(n) ____. attribute of interest sample variable

sample

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer generalizes incautiously from a self-selected sample

self-selection fallacy

"I can't believe they increased the school day by 30 minutes. Next year it will be another 30 minutes and the following year, they'll tack on 30 minutes more. Soon, we'll have 10-hour school days!" What fallacy is this? Red herring Slippery slope Straw man Smokescreen

slippery slope

Some logicians treat the _____ fallacy as a version of scare tactics. guilt tripping slippery slope apple polishing appeal to jealousy

slippery slope

An anecdote is a type of _____. story expression argument

story

A weak argument based on debatable or unimportant similarities between two or more things

weak analogy

Cum hoc ergo propter hoc

with this, therefore because of this A and B happened at the same time. Therefore A caused B