Chapter 7

compact bone makes up what ______ % of bone mass?

80

________ cartilage functions to reduce friction in joints

articular

covering the joint surface of an epiphysis is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that is called _______ cartilage and helps reduce friction and absorb shock

articular

hyaline cartilage is avascular or vascular?

avascular

_________ is complete severing of body part

avulsion

in bone fracture repair, a fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced with a _______ callus

bony

2 primary hormones that regulate blood calcium

calcitriol, parathyroid hormone

______ and phospate are stored within and released from the bone

calcium

_________ covers the ends of long bones and provides a model for the formation of bones

cartilage

the cylindrical channel that lies at the center of the osteon is the _______ _______

central canal

hyaline cartilage contains osteoblasts or chondroblasts?

chondroblasts

hyaline cartilage is avascular and contains _________

chondroblasts

the cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called _______

chondroblasts

the cells that produce most of the matrix of the cartilage are chondroblasts, chondrocytes, or chondroclasts?

chondroblasts

a _________ fracture is when bone is splintered into several small pieces between the main parts

comminuted

the external surface of short, irregular and flat bones is composed of _______ bone and the interior is composed entirely of ______ bone

compact, spongy

a ________ fracture is when bone is broken into two or more pieces

complete

a _________ fracture is when bone is squashed as in a vertebra during a fall

compression

ligaments anchor bone to bone and are made up of _______ _______ connective tissue

dense regular

ligaments and tendons are made of _______ regular _______ tissue

dense, connective

a _______ fracture is when a broken part of the bone forms a concavity

depressed

the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its ________

diaphysis

the elongated, cylindrical, shaft of long bone

diaphysis

short, flat and irregular bones have _______ gross anatomical structures than _______ bones

different, long

a_______ fracture is when fractured bone pieces are out of alignment

displaced

the end of the long bone farthest from the trunk of the body

distal epiphysis

bone remodeling begins during ________ ________

embryologic development

the bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through __________ ossification

endochondral

the ________ is an incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity

endosteum

the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults is a thin, defined area of the compact bone called the _______ ______

epiphyseal line

what structure replaces the epiphyseal plate?

epiphyseal line

the thin layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that provides for the continued lengthwise growth of the bone is the ______ ________

epiphyseal plate

articular cartilage covers the diaphysis or epiphysis

epiphysis

the knobby region at each end of the long bone

epiphysis

the secondary ossification center form in the ______ of long bones

epiphysis

cartilage is stronger than bone, true or false

false

________ is a weight-bearing cartilage that withstands compression

fibrocartilage

_______ bones include the roof of the skull, scapulae, sternum and ribs

flat

shoulder blade bones, bones of the roof of the skull, and the sternum (breastbone) are examples of _______ bones

flat

which bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?

flat bones of the skull

breaks in bones are called ________

fractures

a blood clot within a bone fracture is called a fracture ________

hematoma

_______ cartilage attaches ribs to the sternum and covers the ends of some bones, and forms first bone model formation

hyaline

articular cartilage is composed of what cartilage

hyaline

a ______ fracture is when one fragment of bone is firmly driven into another

impacted

the _______ periosteum layer contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts

inner

______ bones include vertebrae, ossa coxae (hip bones), and several bones in the skull including ethmoid, sphenoid and sutural bones

irregular

chondrocytes occupy small spaces called _________

lacunae

spongy bone contains no osteons and does contain parallel _______

lamellae

osteoclasts

large phagocytic cells found in bone

bones of the skeleton system function as a system of _______ that are pulled when a muscles contract

levers

potential energy in the form of ______ is stored in yellow bone marrow in adults

lipids

_______ bones include bones in the fingers and toes, tibia, fibula, upper limbs, and lower limbs

long

bones produced through intramembranous ossification

maxilla, mandible, flat bones of the skull

cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone

medullary cavity

in children the ______ ______ contains red bone marrow, and is replaced by yellow bone marrow in adults

medullary cavity

short, irregular and flat bones have no ______ _______

medullary cavity

the hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis

medullary cavity

the region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis in a mature bone

metaphysis

calcium is an important mineral for such body functions as ______ contraction, blood ______, and release of neurotransmitter cells from ______ cells

muscle, clotting, nerve

______ also accompany blood vessels through the nutrient foramen and innervate the bone as well as its periosteum, endosteum, and marrow cavity

nerves

do bones penetrate the skin in a simple fracture, yes or no

no

the blood vessels of the bone supply the bones with ______ and ________ and remove waste products from bone cells

nutrients, oxygen

the process of bone formation is called

ossification

immature bone cells

osteoblasts

the endosteum, like the periosteum contain osteoprogenitor cells, _____________, and ________

osteoclasts, osteoblasts

mature bone cells

osteocytes

the ______ periosteum layer of dense irregular connective tissue protects the bones, anchors blood vessels and nerves to the bones, and serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons

outer

an osteon runs parallel or perpendicular to the diaphysis

parallel

the periosteum is anchored to the bone by numerous collagen fibers called ________ fibers which run perpendicular to the diaphysis

perforating

a tough sheath called _________ covers the outer surface of the bone except for the areas covered by articular cartilage

periosteum

blood vessels enter the bones from the _______ via a nutrient ________

periosteum, foramen

_______ is a structural component of ATP, nucleotides, and phospholids and is an important component of the plasma membrane

phosphate

the region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called the _______ ossification center

primary

the region in the diaphysis of the long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called the _______ ossification center

primary

the epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is called the _______ epiphysis

proximal

the end of the long bone closest to the body of the trunk

proximal epiphysis

ligaments and tendons are made of dense __________ connective tissue

regular

an osteoclast has ________ borders, and are _________

ruffled, phagocytic

in endochondral ossification, ________ ossification centers form in the epiphysis of long bones

secondary

_____ bones include carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bones, patella

short

based on their shape, bones that have a length about equal to their width are classified as ________ bones

short

some bones in the wrist and feet are classified as ______ bones

short

bones produced through intramembranous ossification are the flat bones of the ______, _______, and ________

skull, mandible, maxilla

________ are made of dense regular connective tissue and attach muscle to bone

tendons

hemopoiesis

term for process of blood cell production

primary ossification center

the first major center of bone formation

an osteon is also called a haversion system, true or false

true

bone growth begins during embryologic development, true or false

true

cartilage contains cells and a matrix, true or false

true

cartilage is found in the head, arms, legs, and trunk of body, true or false

true

cartilage is more flexible than bone, true or false

true

central canals of osteons are cylindrical channels, true or false

true

central canals of osteons contain blood vessels and nerves, true or false

true

long bones include thigh bone, bones of the fingers and toes and the bones of the palm, true or false

true

the periosteum consists of 2 layers, true or false

true

bones formed through endochondral ossifications are _____ _____ bones, _____ _____ bones, and the vertebrae

upper limb, lower limb

is bone vascular or avascular?

vascular

bones formed through endochondral ossification are ________, ________ limb bones, ________ limb bones

vertebrae, upper, lower