Chapter 7

22. The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as

encoding specificity

1. Acquiring info and transforming it into memory is

encoding.

28. Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

enhanced firing in the neurons.

17. Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"Apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants."

10. Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for 3 weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

31. ________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

8. Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing.

1. How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing LTM?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

7. According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best LTM for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned.

16. _____ cues help us remember info that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

6. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal in transferring info into LTM?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

29. Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia reflect

a failure of memory consolidation.

34. When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20 year old wedding photo album. As she flips through the picture, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her

amygdala.

19. Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a pssage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his GF in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable LTMs.

an organizational context during learning

27. The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associate with

both changes at the synapse and long-term potential.

21. Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the personal whose memory will be tested.

23. You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take you test with a______ mindset.

calm

11. The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is

complex.

12. Memory of a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence

creates more connections.

4. Elementary school students in the US are often taught to use the HOMES as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes. This memory procedure usually works better than repeating he names over and over, which provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal.

30. Graded amnesia occurs because

emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories.

5. According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends in how info is

encoded

26. Students, beware! Research shows that ______ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

13. According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

32. The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus

is strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but become less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of ______ in memory.

organization

33. Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of _________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

35. Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation.

2. Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over

25. According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days.

18. Jenkins and Russell presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

15. In Slameka and Grafs study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating

the generation effect.

9. Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attained is focused on

the number of vowels in a word.

14. Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on .

the self-reference effect

24. Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.