Chapter 7 and 8 Criminal Justice

Under the Model Penal Code, Section 307(2)(B), the use of deadly force is not justifiable unless the arrest is for a

-felony. misdemeanor. civil matter. property crime.

Which of the following provide effective oversight to reveal police corruption?

-special prosecutors police unions -the courts city government

_______________ or death by cop is a form of suicide in which a person gets fatally shot after intentionally provoking police officers.

Copicide

In the context of psychological testing, which of the following factors are critical to the ability to perform police work? (Check all that apply.)

Fast reflexes -Emotional stability -Mental health High physical endurance

A police unit that uncovers illegal and unethical activity within a police department is the________ ________ investigations unit.

Internal Affairs

According to Ted Rubin, the first purpose of courts is to _____.

rehabilitate criminals enact vengeance determine legal status -do justice

Before juries retire to deliberate and reach a verdict, judges instruct them on the relevant

testimony. exhibits. evidence. -law.

One of the parties who make the final decision to hire an applicant for the position of chief of police is a committee that includes

the former chief. a headhunter. the President -the local mayor.

Which of the following are some of the main purposes of an initial appearance? (Check all that apply.)

-If a felony suspect is to be held for a preliminary hearing, the judge may set bail if he or she believes release on bail is appropriate. Attorneys choose the jury for the trial. -Defendants receive formal notice of the charges against them. -The judge advises defendants of their constitutional rights. The judge determines whether a defendant is competent to stand trial.

Copicide occurs when

a person is fatally shot after deliberately provoking the police.

In the context of nonfinancial means of releasing suspects, which of the following is true of release on own recognizance (ROR)?

It is a release arrangement in which bail is set but no money is paid to the court. -It is simply a release secured by a suspect's written promise to appear in court. It is also known as supervised release. It is more restrictive than conditional release.

In the context of the stages in a criminal trial, if, after serious deliberation, even one juror cannot agree with the others on a verdict, the result is a(n) _______ __________.

hung jury

Which of the following countries uses an inquisitorial trial system?

France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Mexico.

Arrange the stages of a criminal trial in the general order of their occurrence. (Place the first stage at the top.)

Opening statements by the prosecution and the defense Government's case and evidence Defendents case Government's rebuttal case Closing arguments Jury instructions and deliberation

The stopping and/or detaining individuals by law enforcement officers based solely on race is known as __________ __________.

Racial Profiling

An attorney who is paid by the government to defend poor people is known as a(n)

public defender

____________ is the imposition of a penalty for criminal wrongdoing, or the presentation of an aversive stimulus to reduce a response.

punishment

According to the 1972 Knapp Commission report on corruption in the NYPD,___________ ____________ were officers who actively sought ways to make money illegally while on duty.

Meat Eaters

The _____ is one of the most powerful actors in the administration of justice because, in most jurisdictions, they have unreviewable discretion in deciding whether to charge a person with a crime and whether to pursue the case.

Prosecutor

When a police department stops and interrogates minorities in numbers much greater than their representation in the population, that department is engaging in the illegal practice of _________ __________.

Racial Profiling

The exercise of individual judgment, instead of formal rules, in making decisions is known as

Discretion

Identify the true statements about prosecutors. (Check all that apply.)

-They decide whether there is enough evidence to support a conviction. No They are paid a fixed salary by a jurisdiction to defend indigents charged with crimes. No They are required to prosecute a person for all the charges that the evidence will support. -They conduct the final screening of each person arrested for a criminal offense. - They are one of the most powerful actors in the administration of justice

The majority of the public have ________ of confidence in the police.

-a great deal very little some no

Research also showed that attitudes toward the police are influenced by

experiences of family members and friends

A defendant charged with a felony such as murder would most likely hire a ______ lawyer.

criminal

Which of the following constitute the federal court system? (Check all that apply.)

-The Supreme Court Municipal courts -The federal courts of appeals -The federal district courts Trial courts of general jurisdiction

Which of the following are true of the role of grand juries? (Check all that apply.)

-They determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed the crime or crimes. -In the federal system, a grand jury indictment is required in all felony prosecutions unless the defendant waives that right. No/Their primary purpose is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea. No/Both federal and state grand juries convene every day.

voir dire

Jury selection process of questioning prospective jurors, to ascertain their qualifications and determine any basis for challenge.

Most criminals struggle to earn a decent living true or false

True

In the United States, the primary purpose of a(n) _____ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea.

arraignment

Which of the following come under the category of helpful stress management techniques that police officers might use?

comfort food -prayer or meditation increased caffeine use -regular exercise

The primary role of a defense attorney is to

determine the client's guilt or innocence. -provide the best possible legal counsel and advocacy. attempt to get guilty clients off the hook. plea bargain to reduce the client's sentence as much as possible.

The United States has a ________ court system.

dual

Which of the following is true of a bail bond?

-It allows suspects or defendants to remain free while awaiting the next stage in the adjudication process. It is issued to hold suspects or defendants in jail because of the threat they pose to society. It is a monetary payment to hold a suspect in a state-run facility while awaiting the next stage in the adjudication process. It is a fine or a penalty for breaking the law and not an incentive to appear in court.

Which of the following are reasons that police departments avoid the use of excessive force? (Check all that apply.)

-It risks criminal and civil prosecution. It reduces the chance of apprehending suspects. It increases crime rates. -It creates public distrust and resentment. -It is unethical.

In the context of plea bargaining, what are the factors that influence the bargain a prosecutor will strike? (Check all that apply.)

-The defendant's criminal record The plaintiff's standing in the community -The strength of the prosecutor's case -The seriousness of the offense The prosecutor's relationship with the defendant

Which of the following key actors in the U.S. court process is a community's chief law enforcement official and is responsible primarily for the protection of society?

-The prosecutor The defense attorney The grand jury The judge

Identify the true statements about a preliminary hearing. (Check all that apply.)

-They are used only in felony cases. -It allows defendants to be represented by legal counsel. It offers defendants an opportunity to be heard by a jury. -It allows defendants to call witnesses on their behalf. -It is used in about one-half of all states and only in felony cases. It requires judges to determine the guilt of defendants "beyond a reasonable doubt."

Which of the following statements accurately describes the public attitude toward the police?

-Whites tend to regard police more highly than do blacks or other persons of color. Blacks tend to regard police more highly than do whites or other persons of color. All racial groups tend to regard police the same way. Other persons of color tend to regard police more highly than do blacks or whites.

In the context of the pleas at arraignments, when defendants plead "nolo," they _____.

-do not admit guilt but are willing to accept punishment anyway admit guilt and accept punishment admit guilt but are not willing to accept punishment neither admit guilt nor are willing to accept punishment

Which of the following qualities are necessary to be a good police officer?

-emotional maturity and stability a strong independent streak willingness to coerce others -sensitivity toward minorities

Which of the following are the main components of the American Court Structure?

-federal courts contract courts inquisitorial courts -state courts

The three I's of police selection are

-intelligence -interaction skills -integrity independence introverted personality

Match the types of charging documents (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

A complaint- charge to an offense has been committed by a person or persons named or described An information- outlines the formal charge or charges, law or laws that have been violated and the evidence to support the charge or charges.

A monetary guarantee that is deposited with the court to ensure that the defendant will appear at a later stage in the criminal justice process is called a(n) ______.

Bail bond or bail

In the context of patrol officer discretion, match the types of law enforcement practices (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Full Enforcement Selective Enforcement

Full Enforcement- make an arrest for every violation of the law that comes to their attention. Selective Enforcement- The practice of relying on the judgment of the police leadership and rank-and-file officers to decide which laws to enforce.

According to the 1972 Knapp Commission report on corruption in the NYPD,__________ ___________ were officers who occasionally engaged in illegal and unethical activities, such as accepting small favors, gifts, or money for ignoring violations of the law during the course of their duties.

Grass Eaters

When is it justified for a police officer to use deadly force?

If the crime for which the arrest is being made involves a gang or an organized crime syndicate -If there is substantial risk that the person to be arrested will cause death or serious bodily harm if his or her apprehension is delayed If the crime for which the arrest is being made involves the use of drugs or other contraband materials -If the crime for which the arrest is being made involves an act of felony

Match the specific outcomes courts hope to achieve by their actions (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Incapacitation- removal or restriction of the freedom of those found to have violated criminal laws Rehabilitation- attempt to correct the personality and behavior of convicted offenders through educational, vocational, or therapeutic treatment and to return them to society as law-abiding citizens General deterrence-attempt to prevent people in general from engaging in crime by punishing specific individuals and making examples out of them

is defined as the harmful physical and emotional outcomes that occur when the requirements of a job do not match the worker's capabilities, resources, or needs.

Job Stress

Match the types of crimes (in the left column) with the proceedings during initial appearance (in the right column).

Misdemeanors or ordinance violations - A summary trial may be held and suspects who plead guilty are sentenced on the spot Felonies- A hearing held to determine whether a suspect should be released or whether there is probable cause to hold the suspect for a preliminary hearing.

Identify a true statement about plea bargaining.

No/Plea bargaining has a constitutional basis. Plea bargaining became No/a common practice in state courts before the Civil War. -Plea bargaining developed because of the mutual interests it serves. Plea bargaining obliges prosecutors.

Which of the following differentiate adversarial trial systems from inquisitorial trial systems? (Check all that apply.)

No/Unlike inquisitorial systems, victims are parties to the proceedings in adversarial systems. -Unlike inquisitorial systems, the jury plays an important role in adversarial trials. No/The decision-making process in inquisitorial systems is shrouded in secrecy, while it is more transparent in adversarial systems. -Adversarial systems are governed by elaborate rules of evidence, while the rules of evidence in inquisitorial systems are less restrictive.

Match the terms related to the jurisdiction of a court (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Original Jurisdiction- has the authority to hear a case when it is first brought to court Appellate Jurisdiction- courts having the power to review a case for errors of law are these Special Jurisdiction- only able to hear certain types of cases. General Jurisdiction- Courts having the power to hear any type of case

__________ ____________ __________is a program that provides persons aged 18 to 21 a chance to experience the challenges and rewards of a police career and is designed to assist cadets in transitioning into the position of full-time police

Police Cadet Programs

In cases concerning U.S. federal law, the court of last resort is the U.S. _________ __________.

Supreme Court

Which of the following is true of public defenders?

They are the most powerful actors in the administration of justice. They frequently represent indigent clients pro bono. They are assigned to specific client instead of to courtrooms. -They commonly spend only 5 to 10 minutes with their clients.

What is the main reason police officers must use force on their job? Multiple choice question.

To get revenge for wounded and slain fellow officers -To apprehend suspects who resist arrest To punish criminals for their crimes and misdeeds To ensure that victims are in charge of a particular situation

In the context of non-financial means of releasing suspects, which of the following are true of conditional release? (Check all that apply.)

Under this arrangement, bail is set, but no money is paid to the court. -This arrangement is more restrictive than release on own recognizance. -It is sometimes called supervised release. -It requires that a suspect maintain contact with a pretrial release program or undergo regular drug monitoring or treatment. It is simply a release secured by a suspect's written promise to appear in court.

Which of the following steps would a police department use to eliminate candidates with a history of criminal activity or drug use?

academy training written examination -background investigation detailed application

In the United States, the purpose of a preliminary hearing is for a judge to _____.

determine whether there is probable cause to support the charge or charges imposed by the prosecutor

Public safety officers are employees who perform many police service functions except

directing traffic. filing records. sitting at the front desk. -making arrests.

In contrast to adversarial trial systems, inquisitorial trial systems _____.

do not protect defendants from self-incrimination aim to determine the truth about a crime through an open competition between the prosecution and the defense -use a combination of lay and professional judges to decide serious cases are governed by elaborate rules of evidence

The principle responsibility of a judge is to

ensure that suspects and defendants are treated fairly.

One purpose of courts is to provide a ______ in which people can resolve disputes justly and peacefully.

forum

A(n) ____________ __________is generally a group of 12 to 23 citizens who, for a specific period of time, meet in closed sessions to investigate charges coming from preliminary hearings or to engage in other responsibilities.

grand jury

A(n) __________ ___________ __________ is a written accusation by a grand jury charging that one or more persons have committed a crime.

grand jury indictment

A(n)_________ __________ _________ is a legal system where the court or a part of the court is actively involved in investigating the facts of the case as opposed to acting as an impartial referee between the prosecution and the defense.

inquisitorial trial system

When it comes to selecting a law enforcement executive, one of the most important decisions is whether to allow

people under age thirty to apply. -people outside the agency to apply. people inside the agency to apply. people without college degrees to apply.