chapter 7 and 8

When energy is needed and adequate oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted to

acetyl CoA.

The mechanism by which electron transport is coupled to ATP production by means of a proton gradient is called

chemiosmosis.

Red and blue light support the highest rates of photosynthesis because

chlorophyll absorbs these wavelengths

The mitochondria are the location where ____ takes place and most ____ is produced.

citric acid cycle . . . ATP

cellular respiration in mitochondrial matrix

citric acid cycle, production of acetyl CoA, release of carbon dioxide, regeneration of oxaloacetate,

In comparing the potential energy of lipids and carbohydrates on a weight basis, it is correct to say that lipids provide

considerably more energy than carbohydrates.

Which sequence illustrates the order of the steps from food to biochemically useful energy?

digestion--acetyl CoA production--citric acid cycle--ATP production

During the process of cellular respiration, the majority of the chemical energy that is available for release from the glucose molecule is due to the

electrons shared in the covalent bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms.

ATP synthesis is

endergonic

Select all of the statements that correctly describe chloroplast structure:

-The chloroplast contains 3 different membranes. -The pigment molecules of photosynthesis are concentrated in the thylakoid membrane.

Does glycolysis depend on the presence of oxygen (O2)?

no

Takes place in Light Reaction

oxidation of water, chemiosmosis, creation of a proton motive force

Which of the following are products of the Calvin cycle and are utilized in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

ADP, Pi, and NADP+

ATP is synthesized by forming a phosphoanhydride bond between ADP and Pi. Select all of the statements that are true concerning ATP synthesis:

ATP synthesis will require a net input of energy. ATP synthesis is not spontaneous. ATP synthesis requires the cell to have available chemical energy.

Select all of the molecules that are produced during the light reactions:

ATP, NADPH, Oxygen,

Process that occurs in cellular respiration

-ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis, -Reduction of O2, -Electron transport chain

Process that occurs in both cellular and anearobic

-ATP synthesis by substrate-level phosphorylation -Glycolysis -Redox reaction

Select all of following statements about the electron transport chain that are true:

-An electrochemical gradient will be established using the energy released by exergonic redox reactions. -NAD+ and FAD will be produced/regenerated in the mitochondrial matrix. After NADH and FADH2 pass their electrons to the electron transport chain, they will turn in to NAD+ and FAD. -Endergonic transport of hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space will occur. -The electrons will release a small amount of energy with each redox step.

Select all of the statements that correctly describe photosynthesis:

-Anabolic process -Converts inorganic molecules into organic molecules. -Series of redox reactions

Which statements are correct concerning light and photosynthesis? Select all that apply.

-Each color of light contains a different amount of energy. -Shorter wavelengths contain higher amounts of energy.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the energy coupling that occurs during cellular respiration? Select all that apply.

-Electron transport and active transport of hydrogen ions. -Facilitated diffusion of protons and ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis.

The image below represents the first 5 steps of glycolysis. Select all of the statements that are true:

-Glucose-6-phosphate will have a higher free energy than glucose. This is true since ATP is being hydrolyzed to "energize" glucose-6-phosphate. -Two molecules of ATP must be invested to split glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules. Note that 2 ATPs are used as reactants (steps 1 and 3). -Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are isomers. -Step 3 is endergonic.

Process that occurs in anearobic respiration

-Organic and product

Exergonic

-Redox reactions of the electron transport chain. -Protons moving from the intermembrane space into the matrix. -Establishment/creation of the hydrogen ion gradient. -Synthesis of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.

It is necessary for the electron carriers of the electron transport chain to continuously alternate between reduced and oxidized states. Which processes can no longer occur if the electron transport chain stops? Select all that apply.

-Reduction of oxygen into water. -Active transport of hydrogen ions. -Chemiosmosis= This will stop since it requires the diffusion of hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ion gradient will not be maintained if the electron transport chain stops.

Endergonic

-Synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis.

Select all of the net (i.e. profit) molecules produced during glycolysis starting with one glucose molecule:

2 pyruvates 2 NADH 2 ATP

Starting with one molecule of glucose, how many of each of the following will be produced specifically during the citric acid cycle? Enter only the number/numeral in the box.

CO2 4 NADH 6 FADH2 2 NAD+ 0

The production of carbohydrate occurs during (the)

Calvin cycle

Which statement(s) correctly describes a difference between cellular respiration and anaerobic respiration? Select all that apply.

Cellular respiration finishes up in the mitochondria, while anaerobic respiration finishes in the cytoplasm. Cellular respiration completely oxidizes an organic molecule, while anaerobic respiration only partially oxidizes an organic molecule. Cellular respiration uses O2 as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor.

Select all of the true statements about cellular respiration:

Cellular respiration includes many reactions that transfer electrons. The overall process of cellular respiration results in a net release of energy. Cellular respiration is an overall exergonic process.

During photosynthesis, what is the light specifically used for?

Exciting/energizing electrons

Both Kinase and ATP synthase

Forms a phosphanhydride bond between ADP and P. Requires energy to make ATP.

Which statement correctly describes the role of glycolysis during cellular respiration?

Glycolysis initiates the breakdown of glucose by spending ATP to overcome the energy barrier.

Kinase

Makes ATP during glycolysis. Transfers a phosphate from one substrate onto ADP. Makes ATP during the citric acid cycle.

What molecules are the necessary initial reactants for the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2

In addition to producing ATP, the citric acid cycle produces ____ as high energy molecules and ____ as its major chemical waste product.

NADH and FADH2 . . . CO2

Which of the following statements about the role of NAD+ and NADH during cellular respiration are true? Select all that apply.

NADH has more electrons than NAD+ The conversion of NAD+ into NADH will be endergonic. NAD+ has less potential energy than NADH.

At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in

NADH.

What products of the light reactions are required reactants of the Calvin Cycle?

NADPH and ATP

During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron-carrier molecules. Which of the following is a true statement about this process?

None of the statements are true

Where does the energy for chemiosmosis specifically come from?

Passive transport of hydrogen ions across the cristae.

Which statements are correct concerning the pigments used during photosynthesis? Select all that apply.

Plants can absorb a variety of light colors since they contain a variety of pigments. The pigments are located in the thylakoid membrane (not space). Pigment molecules typically contain large hydrophobic sections.

During the Calvin Cycle, what enzyme is responsible for the initial fixing of inorganic carbon?

Rubisco

Where does the energy to establish the H+ gradient come from?

Slow conversion of higher energy electrons into lower energy electrons.

Plants do not typically eat other organisms. However, plants do contain mitochondria and they are able to undergo cellular respiration. When this occurs, what molecules will typically be broken down and where do they come from?

Sugars that were produced by the Calvin Cycle

Why does ATP synthesis require an input of energy?

The amount of free energy in ATP is greater than that in ADP

The electron transport chain of the light reactions is responsible for energy coupling. Which statement correctly describes the energy coupling that occurs here?

The electrons will decrease in potential energy as they are passed along, and this will be used to power the active transport of hydrogen ions.

Cellular respiration results in the release of energy from glucose. What is this released energy most often used for?

The energy is used to form a phosphoanhydride bond between ADP and Pi

Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi and NADP+ to the light

Which statement(s) about redox reactions would be correct? Select all that apply.

The molecule that is oxidized loses electrons The molecule that is reduced gains electrons.

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Select all of the following statements that are true concerning the citric acid cycle:

The organic carbon (from acetyl CoA) that enters the cycle will be completely oxidized in the mitochondrial matrix. -NAD+ an FAD become reduced. -Upon entry into the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA is combined with oxaloacetate. -Organic molecules are oxidized in several different steps of the cycle.

Consider a potted plant that has been sitting in a windowsill. Assuming the same watering schedule is maintained, what will happen if this plant is placed inside a dark room for several days?

The plant will weigh less because it is undergoing cellular respiration.

ATP synthase

Utilizes energy released by facilitated diffusion. Makes ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxygen (O2) is a product of photosynthesis. This released oxygen comes from

Water

A cell uses energy released by ____ reactions to drive the ____ reaction that makes ATP. Then it uses the energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP, an ____ reaction, to do various kinds of work in the cell.

exergonic...endergonic...exergonic

The Calvin cycle requires all of the following molecules EXCEPT

glucose

Which of the following molecules is used for both an organic reactant for respiration and as a product of photosynthesis?

glucose

Plants use carbon dioxide as a reactant for photosynthesis. Following the Calvin Cycle, where will the carbon from this carbon dioxide molecule end up?

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

What molecule is specifically oxidized during glycolysis?

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

cellular respiration in the cytoplasm

glycolysis, oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, hydrolysis of ATP, production of pyruvate

What accumulates in the thylakoid space during the light reactions?

hydrogen ions

Kinase reactions

involve the addition or removal of a phosphate group

Select all of the molecules that are specifically oxidized during the citric acid cycle:

malate, succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate isocitrate

Which organelles contain functioning ATP synthase complexes in their membranes?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

During the light reactions, where does the energy needed for ATP synthesis come from?

proton motive force

The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except

pyruvic acid.

Takes place in Calvin Cycle

reduction of carbon dioxide, production of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, hydrolysis of ATP, oxidation of NADPH

cellular respiration in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria matrix

substrate-level phosphorylation, reduction of NAD+ to NADH

Suppose that you use a specific poison to prevent water from being split during photosynthesis. Which of the following would continue to take place?

synthesis of ATP

The driving force which provides the energy for synthesis of ATP in the third stage of respiration is

the concentration gradient of hydrogen ions between the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

During the light reactions, water is split in order to provide

the electrons needed by the chlorophyll a pair in PSII.

In mitochondria, the electron transport chain translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts the electron transport chain translocates protons from

the stroma into the thylakoid space/lumen.

Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis when

water molecules are split to provide electrons for Photosystem II

Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to

water.