Chapter 7: Basics of Chemistry
What is the most acidic pH possible?
0.0
The logarithmic scale is a method of displaying data in multiples of what?
10
What is the natural pH of the skin?
5.5
What number on the pH scale is neutral ?
7
Approximately how many naturally occurring elements are there?
90
About how many naturally occurring elements are there?
90 naturally occurring elements, each with its own distinctive physical and chemical properties
Isaac also remembers that pure water has a pH of 7 because:
H2O ionizes into equal amounts H+ and OH-, creating a pH neutral solution
What are alkalis?
Substances with a pH above 7.0
Isaac is careful in considering the proper treatment for his client. He does not want to upset the _____ of the skin, a barrier that serves to protect against bacteria and other microorganisms.
acid mantle skin produces both sebum and sweat to create a barrier on the skin's surface known as the acid mantle. The acid mantle is a protective barrier against certain forms of bacteria and other microorganisms
What occurs when an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal proportions to form water and a salt?
acid-alkali neutralization reaction occurs when an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water and a salt.
What is the gaseous mixture that makes up the Earth's atmosphere?
air
Isaac talks to his client and assesses her skin type. This is important for proper treatment, because, for example, a client with oily skin should not be given a(n) _____ product, as it may contribute to acne.
alkaline it is important to have products contain the proper pH for a given skin type
What best describes the makeup of a hydroxide ion?
anion with one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom
When the treatment is finished, Isaac reminds his client to use skin care products that contain _____, which stabilize the products by preventing oxidation by damaging and unstable free radicals.
antioxidants are used to stabilize skin care products by preventing oxidation that would otherwise cause a product to turn rancid and decompose. Antioxidants prevent oxidation by neutralizing free radicals
What is a solute?
any substance that is dissolved by a solvent to form a solution
What are the particles from which all matter is composed?
atoms
What are the smallest chemical components of an element that still retain the properties of that element?
atoms
Zi watches curiously as Carlotta mixes different products. Carlotta explains that chemical and physical changes can take place when chemicals are mixed. To understand how this happens, Carlotta tells Zi that a basic understanding of chemistry is required. For example, she teaches Zi that the basic unit from which all matter is composed is known as a(n):
atoms are the particles from which all matter is composed
The pH of Isaac's slightly alkaline product is most likely closest to that of:
baking soda, vinegar = pH 3, peroxide = pH 4, baking soda = pH 8,lye = pH 14
Isaac notices some irritation on his client's dry skin. Isaac should use a product with _____ to maintain proper pH and make sure the product does not further irritate his client's skin.
buffering agents are frequently added to skin care products to maintain the pH at the correct level to produce the desired effect while keeping the product safe and nonirritating to the skin
Organic chemistry is the study of substances that contain what element?
carbon
Carlotta further explains that a(n) _____ change occurs when a new substance is formed that has different properties than the original.
chemical change is a change in the chemical composition of a substance, in which a new substance or substances are formed having properties different from the original
What is created when two or more atoms of different elements are united chemically?
chemical compounds are a combination of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties
Carlotta mentions that she is working with a physical mixture. Zi asks her how that differs from a chemical compound. How should Carlotta respond?
chemical compounds are a combination of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties. Physical mixtures are a combination of two or more substances that are united physically, in any proportions with combined properties
Matter is made of:
chemicals
Zi notices the spilled product, and comments that it looks different from the original ingredients. Carlotta explains that all substances have distinctive physical and chemical properties; for example, _____ are examples of physical properties.
color and density physical properties are characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance. Physical properties include color, odor, weight, density, specific gravity, melting point, boiling point, and hardness
Carlotta explains that because all spa products contain chemicals, understanding basic chemistry allows her to:
combine different products and predict how the skin may react to certain products and services basic chemistry as it is crucial in performing services safely, effectively, and with the best results for clients. With an understanding of chemistry, you will learn how to layer products in services and know how the skin may react to products and services
Zi asks one last question. She wonders how the liquid Carlotta is preparing differs from water. Carlotta explains that water is:
composed of hydrogen and oxygen with the chemical formula H2O
What are chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements called
compound molecules
What term refers to the simplest form of chemical matter?
element
What is a mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier?
emulsion
The range of the pH scale is 0 to 10.
false, 0-10
An element can be broken down into two or more simpler substances.
false, an element is the simplest form of chemical matter and cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity
An ion with a negative charge is a neutron.
false, anion
Oxygen makes up the majority of the air in our atmosphere.
false, nitrogen makes up the majority of the air in our atmosphere.
Water has a slightly acidic pH.
false, pure water has a neutral pH
A pH of 4.0 is twice as acidic as a pH of 5.0.
false, the pH scale is a logarithmic scale, meaning a change in one whole number represents a tenfold change in pH. Therefore, a pH of 4.0 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 5.0
What is a characteristic of hydrogen?
flammable hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and is flammable and explosive when mixed with air.
Antioxidants prevent oxidation by neutralizing what?
free radicals, which are super oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new free radical in the process
What is the term for matter that has no fixed volume and no definite shape?
gas
Carlotta further explains that there are about 90 naturally occurring elements and each of these:
have distinctive physical and chemical properties
Isaac determines that his client has a dry skin type. How should Isaac proceed?
he should use an alkaline product on her skin if a client has dry dehydrated skin, giving that client a product that is too acidic could further dry and irritate their skin. Conversely, if a client has oily skin type, a product that is slightly alkaline may contribute to oil and sebum buildup and possibly create acne
Compounds studied in inorganic chemistry lack carbon but may contain what element?
hydrogen
What elements are found in hydrogen peroxide?
hydrogen and oxygen H2O2 is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen, and is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly acid taste
Isaac knows that an important factor to consider when choosing the correct product for a client is pH. He recalls that pH represents the amount of _____ in a solution.
hydrogen ions
On their way to the skin care aisle, Tatiana and Chantal pass the children's liquid medicines, which are labeled as suspensions. Tatiana wonders why these liquids need to be shaken before use. Chantal explains that suspensions contain:
immiscible substances that separate over time suspensions are unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances. Suspensions have a tendency to separate over time
What is the name of the branch of chemistry dealing with compounds that do not contain the element carbon?
inorganic chemistry
what is the branch of chemistry dealing with compounds that do not contain the element carbon
inorganic chemistry
What is an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge?
ion
What is a cation?
ion with a positive charge
What is an anion?
ion with a positive charge
What is an example of something we can see that is NOT matter?
light, air, trees, and water are matter because they have physical properties, whereas light is a form of energy, and energy is not matter
A _______ has a definite size, but not a definite shape.
liquids
As Carlotta continues mixing the product for Zi's treatment, some splashes out of the bowl. Carlotta immediately recognizes this state of matter as a(n):
liquids have a definite size (volume) but not a definite shape. Liquids take on the shape of the container they are in
Isaac needs to open a new bottle of product. He goes into the dispensary, and notices that a portion of the label is missing from the bottle he needs, including the part of the label that indicates the pH. What should Isaac do?
measure the pH using pH test paper cleaners, toners, serums, and moisturizers have a pH
In chemistry, what is the term meaning "capable of being mixed"?
miscible
What is an example of an oil-in-water emulsion?
moisturizer is an example of an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas a suntan lotion is a water-in-oil emulsio
What are elemental molecules?
molecules containing two or more atoms of the same element
Most skin care products are emulsions of what?
oil and water
What does lipophilic mean?
oil loving
What is the general composition of air by volume?
one part oxygen and four parts nitrogen air is the gaseous mixture that makes up the Earth's atmosphere. It is odorless, colorless, and generally consists of about 1 part oxygen and 4 parts nitrogen by volume
Only compounds will burn.
organic
What is the chemical reaction involving the addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen?
oxidation
Isaac recognizes that the hydrogen peroxide is a(n) _____ in this reaction because it donates oxygen.
oxidizing agent
What is the most abundant element on Earth?
oxygen
What is the most abundant element found on earth?
oxygen is the most abundant element found on earth, it is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It comprises about half of the Earth's crust, half of the rock, one-fifth of the air, and 90 percent of the water
what is an example of an inorganic substance ?
pure water
Isaac's client decides that she would also like a brow tint. As he mixes the hydrogen peroxide with the brow tint product, Isaac recognizes the chemical reaction as:
redox reaction when hydrogen peroxide is mixed with hair color, facial bleaching cream, or brow tint, oxygen is added to the preparation and thus it becomes oxidized. At the same time, oxygen is subtracted from the hydrogen peroxide and the hydrogen peroxide is reduced. The chemical reaction is called a redox reaction
What is the process through which oxygen is subtracted from, or hydrogen is added to, a substance through a chemical reaction?
reduction
What is chemistry?
science that deals with matter and how it changes
What is a uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances?
solution
Tatiana has heard that witch hazel can be used for treating acne, but she wonders about the difference between this and other anti-acne creams. Chantal explains that witch hazel is a mixture of uniform substances - called solutes -dissolved in a solvent, and is therefore a(n):
solutions are uniform mixtures of two or more mutually miscible substances. A solute is any substance that that is dissolved by a solvent to form a solution
Identify the state of matter above 212 degrees Fahrenheit from the list provided.
steam
What are acids?
substances with a pH below 7.0
Zi asks Carlotta if the salon carries organic products. While Carlotta realizes that Zi is probably referring to so-called natural products produced without chemicals, she correctly explains to Zi that the term organic actually applies to:
substances, such as chemicals, that contain carbon although the term organic is often used to mean safe or natural because of its association with living things, the term also applies to anything that has ever been alive
What are unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances?
suspensions
How do suspensions differ from solutions?
suspensions contain larger particles than solutions
Moving onto the skin care aisle, Tatiana chooses a skin moisturizer that is an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. This means that:
the moisturizer most likely contains a surfactant surfactants are used to emulsify oil and water to create an emulsion. Two types of emulsions are used in cosmetic preparations: oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O)
Why are water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions greasier than oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions?
the oil is in the external phase in W/O emulsions, W/O emulsions are greasier than O/W emulsions because the oil is in the external phase in W/O emulsions
Chantal explains to Tatiana that O/W emulsions work as skin moisturizers because the:
the oil phase acts as an external lubricant to smooth and protect the surface of the epidermis. The water phase restores the natural moisture content of the epidermis, making the skin soft and smooth
Isaac checks the pH of the product and finds that it is slightly alkaline. What does this mean?
the pH is above 7
What are physical properties of matter?
things we can see, smell, taste, touch
How many states of matter are there?
three, solid, liquid, gas
Why must estheticians understand basic chemistry?
to use professional products effectively and safely
Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
true
Reduction is the loss of oxygen or addition of hydrogen.
true
The element carbon is found in all living things, whether they are plants or animals.
true
The natural pH of the skin is 5.5.
true
The more hydrogen ions in a substance, the more acidic it is.
true, the more hydroxide ions in a substance, the more alkaline it is.
The term miscible means "capable of being mixed."
true, miscible liquids are mutually soluble, water and alcohol are examples of miscible (mixable) liquids
Salons and spas primarily use oil-in-water emulsions.
true, primarily use O/W emulsions
The difference between the three states of matter depends on temperature.
true, when heated to the appropriate temperature, solids become liquids and liquids become gases, when cooled to the appropriate temperature, gases become liquids and liquids become solids
How many atoms are required to form a molecule?
two
Water is composted of:
two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen
How many branches of chemistry are there?
two, organic and inorganic
What is the most abundant of all substances on Earth?
water
While the salon product Carlotta is using is very different from water, Carlotta explains to Zi that water is nonetheless very important to estheticians. What is one important use of water in a salon?
water keeps ingredients in spa products in solution, water replenishes moisture on the surface of the skin, and helps spread products across the skin
What does hydrophilic mean?
water loving
Tatiana does not want a heavy, greasy, skin moisturizer, so she purchases an O/W emulsion. Did she choose correctly?
yes, the water is the internal phase in O/W emulsions;