Chapter 7 (exam two)

Match the following receptor types to their typical sensory modality: tough and vibration: -baroreceptors -proprioceptors -nociceptors -tactile receptors

-tactile receptors

Which of the following statements is true? -Labeled line coding can help explain phantom limb pain -Frequency coding is used to locate a stimulus -Interaural time difference is used to identify the type of stimulus -All of these are true

Labeled line coding can help explain phantom limb pai

Which of the following sensory receptors would be responsible for the detection of a stimulus in the skin? Somatic receptor Proprioreceptor Visceroreceptor Interoreceptor

Somatic receptor

In the lateral inhibition of adjacent afferent sensory neurons -The ability to localize the stimulus is increased -All of these -The adjacent afferent neurons have non-overlapping receptor fields -The adjacent afferent neurons reinforce the action of all the afferent neurons affected by the stimulus

The ability to localize the stimulus is increased

Which of the following statements regarding the transduction of stimulus intensity is true? Multiple answers: a The magnitude of graded receptor potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity. b The action potential amplitude increases with increasing stimulus intensity. c The frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity.

a The magnitude of graded receptor potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity. c The frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity.

Which of these statements is TRUE about free nerve endings? a They can detect temperature. b They are polymodal. c They are rarely found in the skin. d They detect pressure waves of sound in the ear.

a They can detect temperature. b They are polymodal.

Which of these options are TRUE for mechanoreceptors? (Select all that apply.) a component of the general senses Your answer b component of the special senses c widely distributed throughout the body d component of both somatic and general sensation

a c d

Which of these increases the contrast between sensory receptor signals? a lateral inhibition b myelination of axons c signal/noise averaging d logarithmic amplification

a lateral inhibition

Nociceptors can detect which of the following modalities? Multiple answers: a mechanical b thermal c chemical

a mechanical b thermal c chemical

What are muscle spindles a type of? a mechanoreceptor b pressure receptor c touch receptor d osmoreceptor

a mechanoreceptor

Which of the following two types of sensory receptors are both free nerve endings? a nociceptors and thermoreceptors b thermoreceptors and olfactory receptors c nociceptors and tactile receptors d root hair plexuses and Merkel cells

a nociceptors and thermoreceptors

Which of these options best describes the simplest sensory receptors? a sensory nerve endings of pseudo-unipolar neurons b encapsulated nerve endings of pseudo-unipolar neurons c specialized epithelial cells of unipolar neurons d specialized axons of unipolar neurons

a sensory nerve endings of pseudo-unipolar neurons

Match the sensory receptor to the stimulus it detects. Mechanoreceptor: a)body position b)solute concentration of fluids c)change in temperature d)cell damage

a)body position

Evaluate these statements and identify which is FALSE about the sensation of pain. a Substance P is a neuropeptide released by afferent pain fibers onto ascending spinal cord neurons. b Analgesics may reduce pain by stimulating the synthesis of prostaglandins. c Descending pathways from the brainstem may modulate signaling in pain pathways by presynaptic inhibition. d Opiate neurotransmitters block substance P release in pain pathways within the spinal cord

b Analgesics may reduce pain by stimulating the synthesis of prostaglandins.

Visceral organs have more pain receptors than anywhere else in the body. a True b False

b False

If there is a logarithmic relationship between stimulus intensity and action potential frequency in sensory neurons, how much will the action potential rate increase if the stimulus intensity increases by 100? a It will stay the same. b It will double. c It will triple. d It will decrease by 50%.

b It will double.

Which of the following sensory receptors can detect vibrations? a free nerve endings b Meissner's corpuscles c Merkel cells d proprioceptor cells

b Meissner's corpuscles

Match the sensory receptor to the stimulus it detects. Osmereceptors: a)body position b)solute concentration of fluids c)change in temperature d)cell damage

b)solute concentration of fluids

Sensory receptors convey which of the following types of information to the CNS as they respond to a stimulus? a modality b location c intensity d duration

all answers are correct

Match the following receptor types to their typical sensory modality: Pressure: -baroreceptors -proprioceptors -nociceptors -tactile receptors

baroreceptors

Arrange the following structures of a typical sensory pathway in the correct order. thalamus dorsal root sensory receptor cerebral cortex dorsal root ganglion

sensory receptor dorsal root ganglion dorsal root thalamus cerebral cortex

Match the following receptor types to their typical sensory modality: tissue damage: -baroreceptors -proprioceptors -nociceptors -tactile receptors

-nociceptors

Which of the following statements is true regarding pain modulation? -Inhibitory interneurons in the pathway are only activated if the pain pathway is stimulated -In the presence of a noxious stimulus, the C fibers inhibit the action of the inhibitory interneurons -The stimulation of the interneuron in the C fiber pathway results in hyperalgesia -In the gate control theory of pain, stimulation of alpha-beta mechanical fibers augments or increases the pain signal sent from C fibers

In the presence of a noxious stimulus, the C fibers inhibit the action of the inhibitory interneurons

The left half of a person's spinal cord has been severed in the area of the neck (at a cervical vertebra). Which of the following sensory effects would the person experience? -Inability to feel vibration in the right leg -Inability to feel light touch in the right leg -Inability to feel pain in the right leg -Inability to feel light touch and pain in the right leg

Inability to feel light touch and pain in the right leg

What is the medial lemniscus part of? a anterolateral pathway b dorsal column pathway c reticulospinal pathway d first-order cell

b dorsal column pathway

What is the term that identifies the type of sensory stimulus or energy that induces a response in a specific type of sensory receptor? a perception b modality c sensory potential d generator potential

b modality

Which of these modalities can mechanoreceptors detect? a changes in the plasma membrane shape b movement of cilia c temperature changes d cell damage

b movement of cilia

Which of these is the process by which sensory information takes on a meaningful form? a sensation b perception c transduction d propagation

b perception

Which of the following sensations are relayed via the dorsal column pathway? Multiple answers: a pain b proprioception c temperature d fine touch

b proprioception d fine touch

Which of the following neurons connect the spinal cord to the thalamus in the anterolateral pathway? a first-order neuron b second-order neuron c third-order neuron d fourth-order neuron

b second-order neuron

Which of the following describes a receptor's adequate stimulus? a a stimulus with a magnitude that is great enough to be detected by a sensory receptor b the specific type of stimulus modality that a given receptor responds to most readily c any stimulus that can bring a sensory receptor above the threshold for firing an action potential d a stimulus that specifically activates an afferent neuron without affecting associated sensory receptors

b the specific type of stimulus modality that a given receptor responds to most readily

Where is the second-order neuron in an ascending sensory pathway found? a within the thalamus b within the spinal cord or brainstem c within the dorsal root ganglion d within the cerebral cortex

b within the spinal cord or brainstem

Sensation of sharp, acute pain is most likely transmitted along which of the following fibers? a C fibers b A(delta) fibers c A(alpha) fibers d B fibers

c A(alpha) fibers

Which of the following are found within mucous membranes? a free nerve endings b Meissner's corpuscles c Krause's corpuscles d Ruffini corpuscles

c Krause's corpuscles

What does an analysis of receptor potentials in sensory afferent neurons reveal? a They occur in the axon of sensory afferent neurons. b They always hyperpolarize afferent neuronal cell membranes. c They increase in amplitude with increasing stimulus strength. d They occur in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

c They increase in amplitude with increasing stimulus strength.

A 55-year-old male undergoes a neurological exam that indicates loss of pain and temperature sensitivity, vibratory sense, and proprioception in both his legs. These symptoms could be due to which of the following speculations? a a tumor in the fiber tract of the medial lemniscal pathway in the sacral spinal cord b a tumor in the fiber tract of the lateral spinothalamic pathway in the thoracic region of the spinal cord c a tumor in the postcentral gyrus d a large tumor in the sacral dorsal horn

c a tumor in the postcentral gyrus

What does adaptation to a sensory stimulus describe? a decreased sensation when a stimulus is removed b increased sensation when a stimulus is removed c decreased sensation when a stimulus is constantly applied d increased sensation when a stimulus is constantly applied

c decreased sensation when a stimulus is constantly applied

​​​A 63-year-old woman presents to the hospital's dialysis clinic for dialysis. During a routine workup of the patient while receiving dialysis, the charge nurse notices that the woman has no soft tissue associated with her big toe. Palpation of the skin reveals that the skin covers bone and no other tissues. When the nurse asks the patient if she has noticed anything going on with her, the patient replies, "I haven't felt my feet in years." The patient is also obese and is being treated for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Chronic diabetes in this person has also led to peripheral neuropathy which initially caused sensations of painful stabbing, burning, or tingling. Over time, these painful sensations abated and became poorly sensed, and then finally, not sensed at all. Why was the patient unable to feel her feet? a damage caused by hypertension b genetic mutation affecting her ability to feel pain c diabetic neuropathy had destroyed the nerves over time d advanced age

c diabetic neuropathy had destroyed the nerves over time

Where are the smallest sensory cell receptive fields found in the body? a lower back b behind the knee c fingertips d on the forehead

c fingertips

Which of these is correct when describing referred pain? a caused by over-excitation of spinal cord interneurons involved in pain transmission b caused by cross-talk between nociceptors c occurs when pain is perceived in an area outside of where the cell damage occurred d occurs when thermoreceptors are over-stimulated by chemicals found in peppers

c occurs when pain is perceived in an area outside of where the cell damage occurred

Which of these topics discussed in this chapter does NOT facilitate the accurate perception of stimulus location? a densely packed receptive fields b lateral inhibition c recruitment d small diameter receptive fields

c recruitment

Which of these describes sensory adaptation? a the adequate stimulus of a sensory receptive field b the ability of sensory neurons to respond to stimulation without loss of signal c the sensory receptors becoming less responsive in the presence of a constant stimulus d the ability of sensory neurons to change their adequate stimulus

c the sensory receptors becoming less responsive in the presence of a constant stimulus

A 67-year-old woman is in the doctor's office complaining of numbness on the left side of her body. She also has difficulty moving her left arm and her left leg. Further tests at the doctor's office reveal that she is unable to distinguish between a coin and a paper clip using her left hand when her eyes are closed and cannot feel vibrations of a tuning fork. Pinpricking resulted in duller pain on the left side than the right. Two days after her doctor's visit, she called the doctor's office with burning pain on the left side even with gentle touching. The doctor is suspecting a lesion along one of the sensory pathways. Determine which location of the pathway the problem is occurring at. a right half of the medulla b peripheral nerves of the left leg and left arm c the thalamus d right half of the spinal cord above C5

c the thalamus

Match the sensory receptor to the stimulus it detects. Thermoreceptors: a)body position b)solute concentration of fluids c)change in temperature d)cell damage

c)change in temperature

Which fiber type has the slowest conduction velocity to the CNS? a Aα b Aβ c Aδ d C

d C

​A 10-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his mother because of a strange lump in his right brachial region. His medical history (as related by his mother) includes extreme clumsiness, broken bones, burns, and various cuts and scrapes over the past two years. In the physical exam, the deformity in the right brachial area is easily moved and subsequent x-ray confirms a fracture. The physical examination also reveals scars around his mouth, and the tip of his tongue is missing. Poking the patient's skin behind his knee with a needle evokes no response. What is likely wrong with the patient? a His proprioceptors are absent. b His mechanoreceptors are absent. c His chemoreceptors are non-functional. d He has no functional nociceptors.

d He has no functional nociceptors.

Which of these terms refer to a substance or mechanism that reduces pain transmission and perception? a antibody b autonomic c analysis d analgesic

d analgesic

What is a characteristic of visceral pain? a causes relaxation of nearby skeletal muscles b resembles fast pain c shows rapid adaptation d can be poorly localized

d can be poorly localized

Where are the cell bodies of the first-order neurons in the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway located? a postcentral gyrus b medulla oblongata c ventral grey horns of the spinal cord d dorsal root ganglia

d dorsal root ganglia

Where in the CNS would you find a somatotopic sensory representation of your right foot? a in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum b in the cortex of the right cerebral hemisphere, near the temporal lobe association area c in the right ventral horn of the upper thoracic region of the spinal cord d in the primary sensory region of the left cerebral hemisphere

d in the primary sensory region of the left cerebral hemisphere

A patient suffering from severe pain in his right leg undergoes ventrolateral cordotomy. Which specific tract is targeted by the neurosurgeon to offer relief of pain in this patient? a left ventral (anterior) spinothalamic tract b right lateral spinothalamic tract c left dorsal column d left lateral spinothalamic tract

d left lateral spinothalamic tract

Which of the following receptors most easily become activated by the presence of a physical force? a chemoreceptor b thermoreceptor c nociceptor d mechanoreceptor

d mechanoreceptor

What are Pacinian corpuscles examples of? a thermoreceptors b nociceptors c chemoreceptors d tactile receptors

d tactile receptors

Match the sensory receptor to the stimulus it detects. Nociceptor: a)body position b)solute concentration of fluids c)change in temperature d)cell damage

d)cell damage

Match the following receptor types to their typical sensory modality: body position: -baroreceptors -proprioceptors -nociceptors -tactile receptors

proprioceptors