(Chapter 7) (Multiple Choice) Practice Questions

The average resting membrane potential of an axon is A. -70mV. B. -85mV. C. 0 mV D. +30mV.

-70mV.

The most numerous of all cells of CNS nervous tissue are the A. astrocytes. B. neurons. C. Schwann cells. D. microglia

astrocytes.

ATP and adenosine can act as neurtransmitters A. by being released from astrocytes. B. as cotransmitters. C. as paracrine regulators. D. All apply.

All apply

What causes presynaptic inhibition? A. inactivation of Ca2+ channels B. a second neuron causes a reduction in neurotransmitter release from another neuron C. axoaxonic synapses D. All apply.

All apply

Which of the following are natural analgesics? A. endorphins B. enkephalins C. dynorphins D. All apply.

All apply

Retrograde transport A. moves toward the cell body. B. moves membranes, vesicles, and viruses. C. uses molecular motor proteins of dynein. D. All apply.

All apply.

An axon will depolarize only if the membrane potential reaches between -70mV and - 55mV. This follows the A. All-or-none law. B. recruitment law. C. graduated law. D. threshold law.

All-or-none law.

What type of neural pathway involves one neuron forming synapses with several postsynaptic neurons? A. convergent B. oscillating C. divergent D. plastic

divergent

Neuroleptics, which are used to treat schizophrenia, are A. dopamine agonists. B. ACh antagonists. C. dopamine antagonists. D. glutamate agonists.

dopamine antagonists

The brain produces lipid neurotransmitters called A. endocannabinoids. B. endorphins. C. enkephalins. D. nitric oxide.

endocannabinoids

Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid? A. microglia B. satellite cells C. ependymal cells D. oligodendrocytes

ependymal cells

Excitotoxicity is caused by A. insufficient synaptic release of glutamate. B. excessive synaptic release of glutamate. C. GABA inhibition. D. insufficient synaptic release of ACh.

excessive synaptic release of glutamate

Botulism toxin prevents release of ACh, causing A. flaccid paralysis. B. hemiplegia. C. spastic paralysis. D. None apply.

flaccid paralysis

Synaptic plasticity involves structural changes in neurons such as A. formation of axillary branches B. formation of dendritic spines C. formation of more axon terminals D. mitosis of neurons

formation of dendritic spines

Muscarinic ACh receptors act through ____________ activation of K+ channels. A. cGMP B. G-protein C. M-protein D. ATP

G-protein

Benzodiazepines act by increasing ________ activity. A. GABA B. glutamate C. ACh D. enkephalin

GABA

The most common neurotransmitter in the brain is A. glycine. B. acetylcholine. C. serotonin. D. GABA.

GABA

Postsynaptic inhibition is caused by A. acetylcholine B. GABA C. glycine D. GABA and glycine

GABA and glycine

Hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic cell is caused by A. excitatory postsynaptic potentials. B. inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. C. movement of K+ out of the cell. D. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and movement of K+ out of the cell are correct.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and movement of K+ out of the cell are correct

What type of neuron is found entirely in the CNS? A. sensory neuron B. interneuron C. association neuron D. Interneuron and association neuron are correct.

Interneuron and association neuron are correct.

Blocking ____________ channels would prevent neuron depolarization. A. K+ B. Cl- C. Na+ D. Mg2+

Na+

Action potentials would be conducted most rapidly by A. a 10 mm diameter myelinated axon. B. a 10 mm diameter unmyelinated axon. C. a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon. D. a 40 mm diameter unmyelinated axon.

a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon

Chemical synapses A. have a delayed impulse transmission. B. utilize gap junctions. C. occur when two nerve cells are in direct contact with each other. D. do not require the release of neurotransmitters

have a delayed impulse transmission

Fetal neuron growth requires the actions of a group of chemicals known as A. endorphins. B. synapsins. C. neurotrophins. D. glutamates.

neurotrophins.

Curare is a competitive ACh antagonist at _____________ ACh receptors. A. muscarinic B. NMDA C. kainate D. nicotinic

nicotinic

Acetylcholine usually induces an excitatory postsynaptic potential when binding to ________ receptors and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential when binding to some ____________ receptors. A. NMDA, nicotinic B. nicotinic, muscarinic C. muscarinic, NMDA D. muscarinic, nicotinic

nicotinic, muscarinic

Relaxation of cerebral blood vessels would be stimulated by excessive ________ activity. A. nitric oxide B. acetylcholine C. norepinephrine D. glutamate

nitric oxide

Which gas(es) can function as a neurotransmitter? A. carbon dioxide B. nitric oxide C. carbon monoxide D. nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.

nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the A. neurilemma. B. node of Ranvier. C. sheath of Schwann. D. white matter.

node of Ranvier.

Addictive drugs, as well as nicotine, activate dopamine release in the A. nucleus accumbens. B. corpus striatum. C. basal nuclei. D. corpus callosum.

nucleus accumbens

The mesolimbic dopamine neurons arise in the midbrain and terminate in the A. nucleus accumbens. B. corpus striatum. C. basal nuclei. D. corpus callosum.

nucleus accumbens

Spatial summation A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell

Temporal summation A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly

The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.

oligodendrocytes.

What action produces an IPSP on the postsynaptic membrane? A. influx of Na+ ions B. opening of Ca2+ channels into the neuron C. outflow of K+ ions D. opening of Cl- channels into the neuron

opening of Cl- channels into the neuron

Which of the following is true of axons? A. contain receptive areas B. very thin and short C. originates at the axon hillock on the cell body D. transmits graded electrochemical impulses

originates at the axon hillock on the cell body

Which ion's movements is responsible for repolarization? A. influx of K+ B. influx of Na+ C. outward diffusion of K+ D. outward diffusion of Na+

outward diffusion of K+

What type of autonomic fibers release ACh at effectors? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. somatic D. sensory

parasympathetic

If the binding of muscarine to its receptor in the heart causes the beta-gamma complex of the G-protein to bind to a K+ channel, A. the K+ channel will close, leading to depolarization. B. the K+ channel will open, leading to depolarization. C. the K+ channel will close, leading to hyperpolarization and inhibition. D. the K+ channel will open, leading to hyperpolarization and inhibition.

the K+ channel will open, leading to hyperpolarization and inhibition

Degeneration of spinal motor neurons in adults may be due to a lack of ____________ factor. A. brain-derived neurotrophic (BDNF) B. neurotrophin-3 C. nerve growth (NGF) D. glial-derived neurotrophic (GDNF)

glial-derived neurotrophic (GDNF)

Mutation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor would affect the ability of ____________ to regulate neural function. A. acetylcholine B. epinephrine C. glutamate D. nitric oxide

glutamate

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are produced by A. glycine. B. glutamic acid. C. gamma-aminobutyric acid. D. benzodiazepines.

glutamic acid

What is NOT true of conduction through dendrites and cell bodies of neurons? A. they are EPSPs B. they are spread by cable properties C. they can summate to reach threshold D. they are action potentials

they are action potentials

Which of the following is NOT true of EPSPs? A. they are graded responses B. they are capable of summation C. they have a refractory period D. they are initiated by neurotransmitters

they have a refractory period

The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the A. repolarization. B. threshold. C. refractory period. D. All-or-none law.

threshold.

A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a/an A. nerve. B. bundle. C. tract. D. neuron.

tract.

Where is glycine released? A. in the PNS B. at skeletal muscleds C. in the CNS D. at the diaphragm

in the CNS

What coding system do neurons use to get a greater response? A. greater amplitude of stimuli B. greater Na+ concentration gradient C. increased frequency of stimuli D. more active Na+/K+ pump

increased frequency of stimuli

Catecholamines activate postsynaptic cells by A. inhibition of adenylate cyclase. B. increased Ca2+ influx into the target cell. C. inhibition of calmodulin. D. increased production of cyclic AMP.

increased production of cyclic AMP

Inhibition of neuropeptide Y synthesis would A. induce euphoria. B. induce obesity. C. stimulate leptin secretion. D. inhibit eating.

inhibit eating

At what region of the neuron are action potentials first produced? A. dendrites B. cell body C. initial segment of an axon D. axon hillock

initial segment of an axon

The normal effect of B-endorphin can be blocked by A. curare B. naloxone C. muscarine D. nicotine

naloxone

Which of the following is NOT true of long-term potentiation (LTP)? A. Associated with the removal of AMPA glutamate receptors B. Repeated stimulation enhance excitability C. Associated with insertion of AMPA glutamate receptors D. It is a form of synaptic plasticity

Associated with the removal of AMPA glutamate receptors

______ synapses occur between axons of presynaptic cells and dendrites of postynaptic cells. A. Axodendritic B. Axosomatic C. Myoneural D. Axoaxonic

Axodendritic

Both long-term potentiation and long-term depression requires release of ___ from the postsynaptic neuron membrane. A. Cl- B. K+ C. Ca2+ D. Mg2+

Ca2+

The binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor protein causes ion channels to open in the post-synaptic membrane. What type of gates are these? A. chemically-regulated gates B. voltage-regulated gates C. ligand-regulated gates D. Chemically-regulated gates and ligand-regulated gates are correct.

Chemically-regulated gates and ligand-regulated gates are correct

Which of the following is NOT an action needed for glutamate to open ion channels? A. NMDA receptor must bind to glycine B. the membrane must be partially depolarized from the action of a different neurotransmitter C. Cl- must pass through the open channel D. Mg2+ is released from NMDA channel to open it

Cl- must pass through the open channel

What is NOT true of the relative refractory period? A. Na+ channels are inactivated B. many Na+ channels are returning to a closed state C. K+ is moving out of the axon through its open channels D. a strong stimulus could cause a depolarization

Na+ channels are inactivated

During an action potential A. Na+ efflux causes depolarization. B. K+ influx causes repolarization. C. Na+ influx causes depolarization. D. K+ influx causes after-hyperpolarization.

Na+ influx causes depolarization.

What process is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential with all ions in the correct locations? A. after-hyperpolarization B. all-or-none-law C. Na+/K+ pump D. refractory period

Na+/K+ pump

____________ is an acetylcholinesterase antagonist used to treat myasthenia gravis. A. Neostigmine B. Muscarine C. Naloxone D. Nitric oxide

Neostigmine

Which of the following is NOT true of nicotinic-gated channels? A. The binding of ACh allows diffusion of Na+ into and K+ out of the neuron. B. Only EPSPs are generated. C. Only action potentials are generated. D. Summation can occur because of a graded response.

Only action potentials are generated

The period of time when Na+ channels are recovering from their inactive state and K+ channels are still open is the A. repolarization. B. absolute refractory period. C. relative refractory period. D. Repolarization and relative refractory period are correct.

Repolarization and relative refractory period are correct.

Synaptic vesicles are docked to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal by a protein complex called A. boutons. B. connexins. C. synaptotagmins. D. SNARE.

SNARE

Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged? A. astrocytes B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. Schwann cells

Schwann cells

The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.

Schwann cells.

What do muscarine and nicotine have in common? A. They are both antagonists for their respective receptors. B. They are both agonists for their respective receptors. C. They both activate-protein coupled channels. D. They have nothing in common.

They are both agonists for their respective receptors

What medication acts by increasing the action of nitric oxide as a treatment for erectile dysfunction? A. Viagra B. marijuana C. Prozac D. naloxone

Viagra

Cholinergic fibers use ____ as the neurotransmitter. A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. dopamine D. serotonin

acetylcholine

Which of the following is NOT true of histamine? A. it is derived from the amino acid histidine B. acts as a hormone that stimulates gastric secretion C. acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain to cause drowsiness D. acts as a regulator in inflammation and allergies

acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain to cause drowsiness

What is the action of the binding of muscarine to its receptors in the digestive system? A. alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, close them, leading to depolarization. B. alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, open them, leading to hyperpolarization. C. beta-gamma subunits bind to K+ channels, close them, leading to depolarization. D. beta-gamma subunits bind to K+ channels, open them, leading to hyperpolarization.

alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, close them, leading to depolarization

Sensory neurons A. are multipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. B. are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. C. are bipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS. D. are multipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS.

are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS.

The blood-brain barrier results mostly from the action of __________, a type of glial cell. A. ependymal cells B. microglia C. astrocytes D. oligodendrocytes

astrocytes

Which cells are needed for the formation of synapses in the CNS? A. ependymal B. microglia C. astrocytes D. dendrites

astrocytes

Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? A. central nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. associative nervous system

autonomic nervous system

Acetylcholine can induce hyperpolarization by A. binding to nicotinic receptors. B. binding to muscarinic receptors. C. binding to -adrenergic receptors. D. binding to -adrenergic receptors.

binding to muscarinic receptors

Local anesthetics block conduction of action potentials in sensory neurons by A. inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. B. binding to potassium channels. C. binding to sodium channels. D. binding to calcium channels.

binding to sodium channels.

Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by A. stimulating repolarization of the axon terminal. B. blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal. C. blocking repolarization of the axon terminal. D. stimulating protein kinase activity.

blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal

Acetylcholine A. is always an excitatory neurotransmitter. B. can bind to adrenergic receptors. C. is an inhibitory neurotransmitter released by motor neurons. D. can bind to nicotinic receptors.

can bind to nicotinic receptors

Gliotransmitters A. include calcium ions. B. can stimulate neurons. C. form the blood-brain barrier. D. break down ATP.

can stimulate neurons.

Which of the following is NOT true of norepinephrine? A. released in both the CNS and PNS B. released by sympathetic neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands C. amphetamines stimulate norepinephrine pathways D. causes depression in the CNS

causes depression in the CNS

What type of proteins are present at chemical synapses to ensure the close proximity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes? A. connexins B. myelin C. terminal boutons D. cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

The brain and spinal cord comprise the A. central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. peripheral ganglia. D. spinal nerves.

central nervous system.

In a myelinated axon, Na+ channels are A. along the whole length of the axon. B. every 5 mm. C. concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. D. less numerous at the nodes of Ranvier.

concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier

What type of proteins are present in gap junctions that form water-filled channels between neurons? A. connexins B. myelin C. terminal boutons D. cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

connexins

Which of the following effect(s) acetylcholine synaptic transmission? A. curare B. botulinum toxin C. strychnine D. curare and botulinum toxin.

curare and botulinum toxin

Which of the following is NOT classified as a catecholamine? A. norepinephrine B. epinephrine C. histamine D. dopamine

histamine

Which of the following is NOT true of axonal transport? A. uses molecular motors B. can transport anterograde or retrograde C. has one fast and two slow components D. is a passive process

is a passive process

What process occurs when glutamate-releasing presynaptic neurons stimulate postsynaptic release of endocannabinoids that acts as retrograde neurotransmitters? A. long-term potentiation B. long-term depression C. depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition D. All apply.

long-term depression

Enhancing the excitability of a synapse so that transmission is favored along certain pathways is called A. long-term potentiation. B. synaptic plasticity. C. excitotoxicity. D. summation.

long-term potentiation

Endogenous cannabinoids have effects similar to the active ingredient in A. cocaine. B. nicotine. C. amphetamines. D. marijuana.

marijuana

The __________ dopamine system may be involve in emotional reward and drug addiction. A. nigrostriatal B. mesolimbic C. agmygdala D. dentate

mesolimbic

Which type of cell of the CNS is phagocytotic? A. microglia B. satellite cells C. ependymal cells D. oligodendrocytes

microglia

Which of the following is NOT a structural classification of neurons? A. motor neuron B. bipolar neuron C. multipolar neuron D. pseudounipolar neuron

motor neuron

The disease ______________ is characterized by destruction of CNS myelin sheaths and the formation of hardened scars. A. Parkinson's B. Alzheimer's C. multiple sclerosis. D. myasthenia gravis

multiple sclerosis.

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? A. motor or efferent B. interneuron or association C. multipolar D. sensory or afferent

multipolar

Which of the following is NOT a type of glutamate receptor? A. NMDA receptor B. muscarinic receptor C. kainate receptor D. All of the choices are correct.

muscarinic receptor

Regeneration of CNS axons may be prevented in part by inhibitory proteins in the membranes of the A. myelin sheath. B. neurons. C. astrocytes. D. satellite cells.

myelin sheath.

Axonal regeneration is inhibited by A. brain-derived neurotrophic factor. B. nerve growth factor. C. neurotrophin-3. D. myelin-associated inhibitory protein.

myelin-associated inhibitory protein.

White matter is A. myelinated axons in the CNS. B. myelinated axons in the PNS. C. nonmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS. D. nonmyelinated axons in the CNS.

myelinated axons in the CNS.

Repolarization is accomplished through a A. positive feedback loop. B. negative feedback loop. C. relative refractory loop. D. sodium equilibrium potential.

negative feedback loop.

What structure is found around PNS axons that is NOT found around CNS axons? A. nodes of Ranvier B. myelin sheath C. neurilemma D. plasma membrane

neurilemma

The most abundant neuropeptide in the brain is A. neuropeptide Y. B. neuropeptide Z. C. substance P. D. CCK.

neuropeptide Y

Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called A. hormones. B. enzymes. C. neurotransmitters. D. neurotrophins

neurotransmitters

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes? A. can take up NT from a synapse B. can stimulate or inhibit neurons C. needed to form synapses in the CNS D. phagocytose foreign material in the CNS E. form the blood-brain barrier

phagocytose foreign material in the CNS

The ability of a neuron to transmit charge through its cytoplasm is called cable properties and is very A. good. B. strong. C. poor. D. easy.

poor

The mechanism that allows many Na+ ions to move into the axon is A. negative feedback. B. positive feedback. C. equilibrium feedback. D. None of the choices are correct.

positive feedback.

The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ____________ ions than ____________ ions. A. sodium, potassium B. calcium, potassium C. potassium, sodium D. chloride, potassium

potassium, sodium

What type of receptors will bind ATP and adenosine? A. cotransmitter receptors B. pyrimenergic receptors. C. purinergic receptors. D. None apply.

purinergic receptors

As the intensity of a stimulus increases, more axons will become activated. This process is called A. threshold. B. refraction. C. recruitment. D. None apply.

recruitment.

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins? A. maintaining sympathetic ganglion B. sustaining neurons that use the NT dopamine C. embryonic development of neurons D. regeneration of injured motor neurons

regeneration of injured motor neurons

Endocannabinoids are retrograde neurotransmitters, meaning they are A. released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse to the postsynaptic neuron. B. released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron. C. released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse back to the presynaptic cell body. D. None apply.

released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron

Conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon is called A. point to point conduction. B. saltatory conduction. C. refractory conduction. D. cable conduction.

saltatory conduction

Cells supporting neuron cell bodies in ganglia are termed A. astrocytes. B. ependymal cells. C. satellite cells. D. Schwann cells.

satellite cells.

What neurotransmitter is used by neurons with cell bodies in the raphe nuclei along the midline of the brainstem? A. serotonin B. dopamine C. glycine D. GABA

serotonin

Muscarinic ACh receptors are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT A. skeletal muscle B. smooth muscle C. cardiac muscle D. glands

skeletal muscle

Nitric oxide A. is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase. B. stimulates the dilation of blood vessels. C. is produced from L-asparagine. D. All apply.

stimulates the dilation of blood vessels

What is the predominant affect of stimulation of nicotinic-gated channels? A. stimulation due to outflow of K+ ions B. inhibition due to outflow of K+ ions C. stimulation due to influx of Na+ ions D. inhibition due to influx of Cl- ions

stimulation due to influx of Na+ ions

Which poison inhibits glycine receptors? A. strychnine B. curare C. tetrodotoxin D. All of the choices are correct.

strychnine

The capacity of synapses for alteration at the molecular level is termed as A. synaptic modulation. B. synaptic alteration. C. synaptic capacitance. D. synaptic plasticity.

synaptic plasticity

The varied strength of synaptic transmission is called A. spatial summation. B. temporal summation. C. synaptic plasticity. D. EPSP.

synaptic plasticity

Which of the following is NOT true of dendrites? A. transmits action potentials toward the cell body B. are thin extensions of the cell body C. transmit graded electrochemical impulses toward the cell body D. contain receptive areas

transmits action potentials toward the cell body

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid A. alanine. B. glycine. C. tryptophan. D. serine.

tryptophan

MAO inhibitors may cause hypertensive crisis by a person eating foods rich in A. phenylalanine. B. tyramine. C. glutamic acid. D. tryptophan.

tyramine

What amino acid are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine derived from? A. histidine B. tyrosine C. tryptophan D. serine

tyrosine

Neurotransmitters A. are released by endocytosis. B. all bind to the same receptor. C. usually regulate ion channels. D. are actively transported across the synaptic cleft.

usually regulate ion channels

What is present at the axon hillock that allows the production of action potentials? A. voltage-gated channels B. ligand-gated channels C. muscarinic receptors D. chemical-gated channels

voltage-gated channels

Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called A. ion-gated channels. B. voltage-gated channels. C. stimulation-gated channels. D. potential-gated channels.

voltage-gated channels.