Chapter 7 Part 1
memory is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings.
Episodic
True or false: The hypothalamus is active during the processing of explicit memories.
False
memory is a type of explicit memory that includes your areas of expertise, general academic knowledge, and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words and common things.
Semantic
Match each memory system to the appropriate description.
Sensory memory - This system includes both iconic and echoic memory. Short-term memory - This system was the subject of Miller's classic research in memory capacity, "The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two." Working memory - ludes the phonological loop which enables us to use items that we acquire in echoic memory. Long-term memory - This system enables us to remember not only a favorite elementary school teacher but also the capital of Canada.
______ is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.
Short-term memory
is how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory.
Storage
Which of the following statements describes sustained attention?
The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged time
Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?
The concept of long-term potentiation
Which of the following statements describes explicit memory?
The conscious recollection of specific facts about an event or situation
Which of the following are true regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding?
The material is easier to remember. Retrieval paths are created.
Which of the following statements describes implicit memory?
The unconscious recollection of how to do something
True or false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuo-spatial working memory, and the central executive.
True
True or false: Groups of neurons create circuits of neural networks, composing a memory.
True
True or false: In order to encode information into memory, you must pay attention to the information.
True
True or false: Schemas help you organize information and incorporate new information into existing experiences.
True
Identify the statements that correctly describe principles of memory. (Check all that apply.)
In 1953, when H. M.'s hippocampus was removed to control epilepsy, he lost explicit memory function, but could still form implicit memories. Researchers who have studied the reliability of eyewitness testimony have found that memory can be distorted by racial bias.
Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory?
It includes short term memory and attention. It is a mental workbench. It consists of 3 parts.
Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply.)
It is a limited-capacity memory system. It can store information longer than sensory memory.
Which of the following statements regarding sensory memory are true?
It is rich and detailed. It lasts for only an instant.
Which of the following statements describes divided attention?
Your ability to concentrate on more than one activity at the same time
Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory?
central executive visuo-spatial working memory phonological loop
The ______ is involved in the implicit memory required to perform skills.
cerebellum
The is the brain structure most involved during the activation of implicit memories.
cerebellum
Which one of the following brain structures is not important to the processing of explicit memories?
cerebellum
Sam has to remember a series of numbers that he generates for his computer password. He decides to use the birth years of his three sisters (198819892001). Sam's strategy is called
chunking
A subtype of implicit memory involves , which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.
classical conditioning
The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of
connectionism
Which two of the following concepts explain how long-term memory is organized?
connectionist networks schemas
Another word for explicit memory is memory.
declarative
At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?
deepest level
Megan is participating in a psychology experiment where she is asked to remember a number of items and at the same time write a poem on nature. This experiment is most likely an experiment on attention.
divided
Today is a busy day! You are texting your friend, answering an email, and trying to plan for the evening. This attention is a facet of multi-tasking.
divided
The - hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored both as image codes and verbal codes.
dual code
The term used to describe auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is ______ memory.
echoic
The term used to describe auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is memory.
echoic
Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then, she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of
elaboration
When is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.
elaboration
Ari is watching a movie for the first time. Which process of memory is he using when he takes this new information in?
encoding
The initial recording of information into memory is called
encoding
Which of the following are the fundamental components of memory?
encoding storage retrieval
Hazel vividly remembers her first week in college. This is an example of ______ memory.
episodic
One day, you were talking to your friend about how you celebrated birthdays when you were younger. You tell your friend about different birthday cakes and the time you had a party at the park. Reminiscing about old times triggers ______ memory, a division of long-term memory.
episodic
Which is not a component in the definition of memory?
experience
True or false: Karl Lashley's work indicated that memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.
false
Sensory memory is the ______ and shortest stage of the three stages of memory.
first
George Sperling's classic study on sensory memory focused on ______ memory.
iconic
The type of visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a July 4th sparkler is visual memory.
iconic
A visual sensory memory which is retained only for about 1/4 of a second is called an
iconic memory.
When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of
imagery
Alyssa can easily remember the slides of the various breeds of horses flashed up on the screen at a seminar she attended. She is able to recall the color and appearance of each, but can't readily recall what the lecturer said. This is an example of why memory for ______ is better than that for words.
images
Memories of how to ride a bike would be stored in memory, a division of long-term memory.
implicit
Rehearsal
improves short-term memory is the conscious repetition of information is often verbal
You buy a new cell phone and right away begin sending text messages and updating your contact list. You know how to do this without even reading the directions because
information about using a cell phone is part of a schema and activates this mental framework every time you use any cell phone.
Clarisse looks out her kitchen window and sees a deer. If she processes the deer beyond the shallow level, what would be the next level?
intermediate
Working memory
is an active memory system.
Researchers have concluded that greater elaboration of information is linked with neural activity, especially in the lobe of the brain.
left frontal
Researchers believe that greater elaboration of information is linked with neural activity in what area of the brain?
left frontal lobe
According to the of processing theory, we are most likely to recall information that has been processed at the deepest level.
level
The type of memory that stores information for years is - memory.
long term
Which of the following is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information?
long-term
Psychologists describe as the retention of information or experience over time.
memory
According to Paivio's dual code hypothesis
memory for pictures is better than memory for words. the image code produces better memory.
Researchers have proposed the concept of long-term to explain how memory functions at the neuron level.
potentiation
Carolyn was given a set of words that were all related to animal characteristics. While attempting a word recognition game set up by her professor on the computer, her response times to animal-related words were significantly faster than the other words in the list. Carolyn's performance on the animal-related words was due to
priming
Lila has put Post-it notes with inspirational words around her desk. She hopes to use the principle of in order to achieve more in her studies.
priming
Which of the following are subsystems of implicit memory?
priming procedural memory classical conditioning
Allison lived in a foreign country for a year and she didn't drive during that time. When she came back to the States, she found it effortless to drive her car. This is an example of ______ memory.
procedural
Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can ride. This is an example of
procedural memory.
Your cell phone rings, but you don't have any paper or pencil to write the number someone is giving you down so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of
rehearsal
Storage encompasses how information is
retained over time
The three fundamental processes of memory are encoding, storage, and
retrieval
Toddler Christine loves to play restaurant. She knows the whole routine: find a restaurant, be seated, look at menus, order food, eat food, pay, and leave. The best description of this is a , which is a schema for an event.
script
Some of the answers to questions about the neural mechanics of memory come from studies on a very simple experimental animal--the
sea slug.
The brain has a limited capacity to attend to everything. Therefore, the process of ______ involves focusing on a specific aspect of an experience while ignoring the other aspects of the experience.
selective attention
is an effective way to elaborate deeply on information and draw links between aspects of your own life and new information.
self reference
Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of memory.
semantic
Which level of memory has a time frame of a fraction of a second up to several seconds?
sensory memory
Which of the following are systems of memory storage in the Atkinson-Shriffin model?
sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, the three separate memory systems are
sensory, short-term, and long-term.
Jerome can just make out the contours of mountains on the distant horizon. Which level of encoding best describes this?
shallow
You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but as you drive a little farther you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of ______ memory.
short-term
The purpose of visuo-spatial working memory is to
store visual and spatial information
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory storage
there are three separate memory systems.
Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that
there is not one memory center in the brain.
Sperling's study determined that visual sensory memory has a ____ capacity
very large
Sustained attention is also known as
vigilance
Baddeley proposed the concept of memory as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.
working
Short-term memory is usually only retained for as long as ______ seconds.
30
Which theorist proposed that the visuo-spatial sketchpad stores imagery and spatial information on a sort of scratch pad?
Baddeley
______ works by "packaging" large amounts of information together so it can be remembered as single units, making it more manageable.
Chunking
______ attention is the ability to concentrate on more than one activity at the same time.
Divided
Which of the following statements are true regarding memory for pictures?
Our memory for pictures is better. Pictures are stored with two avenues for retrieval.
In which theory are memories neither abstract concepts nor large knowledge structures, but are more like electrical impulses?
Parallel distributed processing
Which of the following examples best illustrates sustained attention?
Paying attention to your study guide to prepare for your exam
According to Baddeley's model of working memory, the component that is in charge of integrating information, planning, and organizing is the
central executive
According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components. The first of these is the phonological loop. The phonological loop consists of two components
an acoustic code rehearsal
People who are allowed to give their full attention to information that they must remember do ______ when later trying to remember the information than people who must divide their attention.
better
A type of explicit long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears to be with a person pretty much forever is called memory.
permastore
Which of the following represents the portion of original learning that appears destined to be with a person virtually forever, even without rehearsal?
permastore
The is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language.
phonological loop
The central executive in working memory plays a key role in which of the following?
planning organizing attention
Another term for implicit memory is memory.
nondeclarative
Connectionism or distributive processing is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.
parallel