Chapter 7 Part 2

With a geothermal gradient of 25°C/km, metamorphism begins at around 7 kilometers deep at a temperature of °C. (Enter a 3-figure number.)

175

Regional metamorphism occurs under high pressures and temperatures, which may begin at depths of miles. (Enter a whole number.)

5

More than ______% of the world's coal resources are found in seven countries. The United States alone has the greatest reserves, totaling ______% of the world total. 80; 25 95; 15 50; 40

80; 25

Where are placer deposits found? Volcanic veins Ancient riverbeds Streams Former mid-ocean ridges

Ancient riverbeds Streams

Which of the following best describes the pattern of sediment deposition for a stream with decreasing velocity? As stream velocity decreases, large particles settle first, followed by progressively smaller particles. As stream velocity decreases, particles of all sizes settle, with the largest particles finishing first, then followed by smaller particles. As stream velocity decreases, small particles settle first, followed by progressively larger particles.

As stream velocity decreases, large particles settle first, followed by progressively smaller particles.

Sedimentary rocks are one of three types. Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from fragments of other rocks and are the most common. ____________ sedimentary rocks are formed from the precipitation of minerals from solution, and ________________ sedimentary rocks are formed from the actions or the remains of organisms.

Blank 1: Chemical Blank 2: biochemical

Laterites rich in iron and _______ are formed by the leaching of minerals from thick soils in ________climate regions.

Blank 1: aluminum Blank 2: tropical or humid

Regions bearing coal in the eastern United States are found primarily underground and produce ___________ coal with a high sulfur content. Western regions of the United States primarily produce _________ coal from surface mines.

Blank 1: bituminous Blank 2: subbituminous

Limestone and _________ are compounds formed in low-temperature reactions that are used in construction industries to make cement, drywall, and steel. Phosphates and __________ are also formed in low-temperature reactions and are used in agriculture for fertilizers and animal feed.

Blank 1: gypsum Blank 2: salt or salts

Leaching is a _________ temperature process in which minerals can be concentrated. Examples of this include the largest deposits of __________ in the U.S. that were deposited through chemical precipitation of seawater.

Blank 1: low Blank 2: iron

Oil and gas are made from the organic material in microscopic _______ organisms; __________ forms from decayed land plants.

Blank 1: marine, ocean, or aquatic Blank 2: coal

Silicon, a very common element, has a concentration factor (CF) of 2. Gold has a high CF of 2,000. What CF seems appropriate for aluminum, which is used in construction and many other industries? CF of 300 CF of 3 CF of 1,000

CF of 3

What global outcome exists when carbon is trapped in biochemical sedimentary rocks? Carbon contained in rocks ensures that plants will have enough carbon for sufficient growth. Carbon is bound in the mineral formation of the rock and not released as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Carbon trapped in rocks provides the assurance of new developing energy supplies for the future.

Carbon is bound in the mineral formation of the rock and not released as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.

What global outcome exists when carbon is trapped in biochemical sedimentary rocks? Carbon is bound in the mineral formation of the rock and not released as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Carbon trapped in rocks provides the assurance of new developing energy supplies for the future. Carbon contained in rocks ensures that plants will have enough carbon for sufficient growth.

Carbon is bound in the mineral formation of the rock and not released as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.

Consider the needs of a coal-fired power plant and the choice to burn carbon-rich coals or carbon-poor coals. If the plant wants to burn the least amount of material to get a certain amount of heat energy, what type of coal should it burn? Carbon-rich coal twice Carbon-poor coal Carbon-poor coal twice Carbon-rich coal A combination of both coals

Carbon-rich coal

What are evaporites? Metamorphic or igneous rocks that are unaffected by evaporation of the water they are submerged in Chemical sedimentary rocks formed when minerals precipitate from water that is being evaporated Rocks that dissolve in rainwater, which gives them the appearance of evaporating

Chemical sedimentary rocks formed when minerals precipitate from water that is being evaporated

What are evaporites? Rocks that dissolve in rainwater, which gives them the appearance of evaporating Chemical sedimentary rocks formed when minerals precipitate from water that is being evaporated Metamorphic or igneous rocks that are unaffected by evaporation of the water they are submerged in

Chemical sedimentary rocks formed when minerals precipitate from water that is being evaporated

What type of rock is formed when rocks are broken down by weathering processes, the material is transported from its original area, and then the material undergoes lithification to form a new rock? Chemical sedimentary rock Igneous rock Metamorphic rock Clastic sedimentary rock

Clastic sedimentary rock

Weathered material from rocks is called sediment. Which of the following are size categories of sediment? Clay Gravel Soil Dirt Sand Silt

Clay Gravel Sand Silt

Clay, sand, silt, and gravel are types of weathered material known as sediment. They are classified based on their grain size. Which of the following orders the sediments from smallest to largest grain size? Silt, clay, sand, gravel Clay, silt, sand, gravel Gravel, sand, clay, silt Clay, sand, silt, gravel

Clay, silt, sand, gravel

Which two processes occur together to form new rocks by lithification? Melting Heating Compaction Cementation Erosion Weathering

Compaction Cementation

True or false: The only source of biochemical sedimentary rocks are the remains of dead plants and organisms. True False

False

Ore deposits are often formed as residual mineral deposits. Through what process does this happen? minerals from rocks and leaves behind nonsoluble minerals to form an ore. Ore mineral crystals are heavy, so they settle out of magma, while lighter minerals rise and crystallize above the ore. Ore-rich rocks from early in Earth's history are covered by crust, and through erosion of mountains, they are being exposed.

Flowing water removes soluble minerals from rocks and leaves behind nonsoluble minerals to form an ore.

What are the sheetlike layers (shown in the right image) that form when a rock with a random arrangement of minerals (shown in left image) has experienced high pressures? Strata Foliations Horizons Traces

Foliations

Metamorphic grade starts at low with lower temperatures and small grains. Grade increases with increasing temperature and grain size. Which of these metamorphic rocks has the highest grade? Gneiss Slate Schist Phyllite

Gneiss

Silica-rich rhyolitic magma forms from the melting of continental crust below the surface. The magma is very viscous so it often does not reach the surface and cools underground. What rock is formed when this magma cools? Limestone Sandstone Granite

Granite

Identify important nonsilicate minerals mined for industrial uses. Gypsum sulfates Quartz Granite Hematite Limestone carbonates Halite Feldspar

Gypsum sulfates Hematite Limestone carbonates Halite

Which of the following processes is responsible for the deposition of hydrothermal minerals in the ocean? Solar radiation heats the surface of the water, causing minerals to bond, become heavy, and sink to the ocean floor. Heated seawater leaches minerals from fractures in areas with a thin crust, and the minerals are precipitated when the water cools. The heat of underlying magma chambers causes minerals to separate and float away until they find cooler waters.

Heated seawater leaches minerals from fractures in areas with a thin crust, and the minerals are precipitated when the water cools.

Which of the following processes is responsible for the deposition of hydrothermal minerals in the ocean? The heat of underlying magma chambers causes minerals to separate and float away until they find cooler waters. Heated seawater leaches minerals from fractures in areas with a thin crust, and the minerals are precipitated when the water cools. Solar radiation heats the surface of the water, causing minerals to bond, become heavy, and sink to the ocean floor.

Heated seawater leaches minerals from fractures in areas with a thin crust, and the minerals are precipitated when the water cools.

Does coal with a high or low carbon content burn the hottest? Low carbon content High carbon content

High carbon content

Where are residual deposits of ore most often found? In zones of ample volcanic activity In areas with high weathering rates In regions with historically dry climates

In areas with high weathering rates

Andesite is an igneous rock formed through volcanic eruptions at convergent boundaries. Where would andesite's plutonic equivalent, diorite, be found? In cooled and solidified magma below mountain ranges A few inches below the exposed surface of andesite In streams and valleys where erosion has deposited weathered andesite

In cooled and solidified magma below mountain ranges

How is mineral texture defined? It is defined by the size and arrangement of mineral grains. It is defined by the smoothness of the rock surface. It is defined by the shape of mineral pieces after they have broken along one or more planes.

It is defined by the size and arrangement of mineral grains.

Minerals can be concentrated into economic quantities in many ways. What type of concentration processes is leaching? Lithification reaction Low-temperature reaction Sedimentary reaction High-temperature reaction

Low-temperature reaction

How are magmatic mineral deposits formed? Magmatic mineral deposits are formed when movement of the crust forms new fractures and the magma can migrate. Cooling magma chambers are subject to the force of Earth's magnetic field, and magnetic minerals gather where the force is the strongest. Magma cools slowly in magma chambers, and minerals grow and settle in narrow zones within igneous rock.

Magma cools slowly in magma chambers, and minerals grow and settle in narrow zones within igneous rock.

Which of the following types of magma would form light-colored igneous rocks such as granite and rhyolite? Magma with moderate silica content Magma with low silica content Magma with high silica content

Magma with high silica content

Comparing the silica content of magmas, what type of magma forms dark-colored rocks such as gabbro and basalt? Magma with moderate silica content Magma with low silica content Magma with high silica content

Magma with low silica content

Where are ores commonly formed? In volcanic eruptions On the floor of bodies of water Near current or past plate boundaries In regions with historically dense vegetation

Near current or past plate boundaries

More than 50% of which critical energy resource is located in the Middle East? Natural gas Coal Oil

Oil

What are plutonic rocks and where are they formed? Plutonic rocks are rocks formed from molten magma that has been ejected from a volcano. Plutonic rocks are igneous rocks that have cooled below Earth's surface. Plutonic rocks are pieces of the dwarf planet Pluto that broke off when it was hit by space debris.

Plutonic rocks are igneous rocks that have cooled below Earth's surface.

Why does contact metamorphism occur only in narrow bands? Rocks are conductors and transfer heat over a long range. Rocks are insulators and do not transfer heat well. The rocks in contact with the magma chamber extract heat quickly, which is not replaced and the magma chamber cools.

Rocks are insulators and do not transfer heat well.

What is contact metamorphism? Rock surfaces change due to contact with fluids such as saltwater. Rocks come into contact with a heat source, and the texture changes. Rock types change in a vertical profile due to varying environmental conditions.

Rocks come into contact with a heat source, and the texture changes.

What type of rock have features we call strata? Metamorphic rock Sedimentary rock Igneous rock

Sedimentary rock

What effect does the cooling of magma have on mineral texture? Slowly cooled magma will form large mineral grains. Slowly cooled magma will form minerals without foliations. Quickly cooled magma will form large mineral grains.

Slowly cooled magma will form large mineral grains.

What does the concentration factor "CF" determine in regard to minerals? The CF determines how concentrated a deposit must be to be economical to extract. The CF evaluates how concentrated a certain mineral is in a rock specimen. The CF compares the rate of occurrence of minerals to each other.

The CF determines how concentrated a deposit must be to be economical to extract.

What country or region holds more than half of the world's supply of oil? The Middle East The United States The polar circle Canada Africa

The Middle East

Fossil fuels are formed from dead organisms, trapping the carbon of their structures in rocks, oils, and gas. What happens to the carbon in the fuels when it is burned for energy? The carbon is bonded to hydrogen after combustion and settles out of the atmosphere onto the ground. The carbon is released in burning and escapes as a gas into the atmosphere. The carbon is released from the rock and collected in the waste products, such as ash.

The carbon is released in burning and escapes as a gas into the atmosphere.

What is metamorphism of rocks? The changing shape of rocks due to weathering processes The process of one type of rock becoming a component of a new clastic sedimentary rock The changing mineral composition or texture of rocks due to increases in temperature and/or pressure

The changing mineral composition or texture of rocks due to increases in temperature and/or pressure

Which of the following describes the formation of rhyolitic magma and granitic rock? The magma is formed by the partial melting of continental crust, which cools to form granite below the surface. The magma is released through volcanic vents and is widely distributed to form granite after cooling. Rhyoitic magma is found at the boundary of silica-poor magmas and cools to form granite below the surface.

The magma is formed by the partial melting of continental crust, which cools to form granite below the surface.

What characteristics must a rock have to be called ore? The metallic mineral concentration must be enough to provide economic value. The rock must contain no more than two minerals, and the lesser must be easily removed by smelting. The rock must contain a wide variety of metallic minerals.

The metallic mineral concentration must be enough to provide economic value.

Bowen's reaction series describes ______. the order in which minerals (rocks) crystallize out of a cooling magma the relationship between cooling rate and texture in igneous rocks how and why different types of plutons are formed

The order in which minerals (rocks) crystallize out of a cooling magma

Under what circumstances does regional metamorphism often occur? The process occurs when tectonic activity forces sedimentary rocks deep below the surface. The phenomenon occurs when a large variety of rocks forms in a small area. The process occurs when a small deposit of metamorphic

The process occurs when tectonic activity forces sedimentary rocks deep below the surface.

What is the process of erosion? The removal of sediment from its place of origin The accumulation of sediment in low lying areas The disintegration of rock into sediment

The removal of sediment from its place of origin

How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed? The rocks are formed when physical conditions alter the chemical composition of a rock. The rocks are formed from minerals precipitating out of solution. The rocks are formed when volcanic ash falls

The rocks are formed from minerals precipitating out of solution.

How are volcanic rocks formed? The rocks are formed when magma rises to the surface and cools. The rocks are formed under the ocean, where saltwater reacts with volcanic ash. The rocks are formed at the edge of magma plumes, where it is very hot.

The rocks are formed when magma rises to the surface and cools.

Which of the following is true for a mineral resource? The substance is a common and critical component for most organisms around the world. The substance is not a food or a fuel. The substance is of limited quantity.

The substance is not a food or a fuel.

Choose the three basic requirements in the formation of oil and gas. Presence of air Presence of water Pressure Time Rock type Temperature

Time Rock type Temperature

Why are salts deposited on seabeds? Various chemicals bond with the salts in the water and precipitate onto the seabed. Changes in temperature trigger chemical reactions that result in precipitating salts. Water evaporates until the solution can no longer hold the minerals and they precipitate.

Water evaporates until the solution can no longer hold the minerals and they precipitate.

Which of the following are common source materials for biochemical sedimentary rocks? Weathered shells Fertile soils Marine micro-organisms Human landfills Coral reefs Dead plants

Weathered shells Marine micro-organisms Coral reefs Dead plants

Which of the following describes the process of weathering? Weathering is the disintegration of rock, which is influenced by rock type and climate. Weathering is the gradual change of one type of rock to another. Weathering is the smoothing of rock surfaces by water in lakes and oceans.

Weathering is the disintegration of rock, which is influenced by rock type and climate.

Silica-poor magmas form dark-colored igneous rocks such a gabbro and _______________

basalt

Ores are most commonly found near current or past plate ______________.

boundaries

Ocean organisms that extract minerals in the precipitation of calcite remove________ from the water, helping to keep it out of the atmosphere and contribute to global warming.

carbon

When minerals precipitate out of a solution due to changing physical conditions ______________, sedimentary rocks form.

chemical

In the United States, a large component of our energy sources comes from which biochemical sedimentary rock?

coal

The scale used to determine if a mineral deposit can be economically utilized is called the ____________ factor.

concentration

When a rock is exposed to a heat source and experiences a change in texture, but does not melt, the rock has undergone ___________ metamorphism.

contact

hen magma chambers begin to cool, some minerals begin to form crystals at high temperatures. Since the magma is still liquid, the heavier crystals begin to sink to the bottom of the chamber in a process called ______. calcification deposition crystal settling metamorphism

crystal settling

Clastic sediments are deposited when the velocity of the water or wind transporting the material ______. increases decreases is sustained for a period of time

decreases

When the velocity of a stream decreases, clastic sediments that were being transported are then ____________

deposited

Sediment is removed from its place of origin through the process of ___________ , which is accomplished through the work of glaciers, water, or wind.

erosion

What is the name we use to characterize chemical sedimentary rocks such as salt and gypsum deposits that reflects the process that formed them?

evaporites

High pressure causes the formation of minerals into sheetlike layers called _________

foliations

Silica content in magma helps determine the type of rock formed. Silica-rich magmas often form rocks such as rhyolite and______________ . These rocks are light in color.

granite

Mineral resources that are rare have ______ concentration factors. low high

high

When magma from inside Earth rises to the surface through pipes or fractures, it will cool to form volcanic rock, which is a type of ____________Rock.

igneous

Rocks are good ______, which means that rocks formed through contact metamorphism form in narrow bands immediately surrounding the heat source because the heat is not allowed to dissipate very far. conductors catalysts insulators

insulators

When a stream slows down, it deposits the sediments it is carrying according to size, with the ______ sediments first and the ______ last. largest; smallest smallest; largest roundest; most angular

largest; smallest

Tropical regions have the high weathering rates necessary to form iron- and aluminum-rich ______. laterites evaporites placer deposits

laterites

The process of ___________ occurs when sediment is compacted and cemented into sedimentary rock.

lithification

Sand, gravel, clays, and sandstone are sediments and rocks formed in ______, and deposited through processes of physical rearrangement such as erosion. These materials are mined in nearly every state of the United States and used in applications from industrial to health care products. convergence zones regions with high weathering rates low-temperature reactions high-temperature reactions

low-temperature reactions

The cooling process in magma chambers may create ______ mineral deposits, such as chromium, in narrow zones in igneous rocks. metamorphic sedimentary magmatic

magmatic

The changes in solid rocks that occur without melting due to increasing temperature and pressure is a process called _____________

metamorphism

Seas located in confined, hot, dry climates are susceptible to evaporation rates that might cause so much water loss that _____________ are precipitated and deposited on the seabed.

minerals

The rock cycle is the natural process of "recycling" the same ________ or elements from rock to rock over time.

minerals

Carbonates found in limestone and used in the manufacture of cement, and hematite used to produce iron are examples of ______ minerals that lack the silica-oxygen tetrahedron and are used for industrial purposes. silicate native nonsilicate

nonsilicate

The United States has cut its imports in half and increased production of what fuel source?

oil

When a rock has a high enough concentration of metallic minerals that it can be mined or used industrially, the rock is called .____________

ore

Mineral deposits located in cracks and small fractures along present-day streams and ancient streambeds are called ________ deposits.

placer

When a rock is exposed to increasing temperature and pressure, such as a rock that has been buried due to tectonic activity, it may experience a change in texture. Assuming the rock has not melted, the rock has undergone _________ metamorphism.

regional

Metals such as aluminum and industrial materials such as phosphate are examples of mineral __________

resources

Weathered material is called ___________ and has a range of grain sizes.

sediment

When magma cools ______, mineral molecules are allowed to move through the liquid and bond into larger and larger clusters, creating larger crystals. When magma cools ______, the liquid solidifies without time for crystals to grow very large. in marine environments; on land surfaces slowly; quickly quickly; slowly above ground; below ground

slowly; quickly

Layers of sedimentary rocks are called beds or ____________.

strata

The size and arrangement of mineral grains in igneous rocks is known as __________

texture

Volcanic eruptions form the igneous rock andesite at convergent boundaries. Diorite is the plutonic equivalent of andesite and therefore would be found under mountains after ______. the magma cooled and solidified excess pressure on the magma chamber was released the heat of the magma started to melt the rocks at the edge of the magma chamber

the magma cooled and solidified

Due to recent oil discoveries, the United States is the ______ largest producer of oil and has reduced oil imports to ______ of the oil consumed. second; 10% third; 50% seventh; 30%

third; 50%

What is the name of the process in which rock is broken down by physical and chemical processes?

weathering