Chapter 7 Personality, Motivation, and Emotion
Freud and Erikson agreed on all of the following except A. Individual development occurs in stages B. Early experiences shape personality C. Unresolved childhood envy of one's same-sex parent causes difficulties with intimate relationships later in life. D. One need not successfully resolve in a conflict in one stage in order to move to the next.
C
What is unconditional positive regard?
accepting and respecting others as they are without judgment or evaluation
The behaviorist perspective posits that personality is a result of learned _________
behavior
What is a low and high level openness?
high: embraces new ideas low: prefers familiarity over novelty Medical students are mid-range
What is a low and high level of conscientiousness?
high: values competence and order low: disorganized Medical students are mid-range
Of the id, ego, and superego, which is unconscious?
id and superego
A person's level of neuroticism is based on differences in the ________ system
limbic
What is the Five Factor Model?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
What is the id?
pleasure principle
What is the goal of humanistic therapy?
provide an environment that will help clients trust and accept themselves.
What is a personality trait?
stable predisposition towards a certain behavior
What is not-shared environment
the environment unique to an individual
What is shared environment?
those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household
The self-concept was influenced by what two things?
unconditional and conditional positive regard
What are ego defense mechanisms?
unconscious psychological adaptive mechanisms to defend the personality
Rather than stages, Carl Rogers described that human development as progressing from what?
undifferentiated to differentiated
What is the goal of behavioral therapy?
uses conditioning to shape a client's behavior.
What happens in the oral stage?
0-1 years old child seeks pleasure through the mouth successful resolution is weaning
What are surface traits?
Evident from a person's behaviour
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association
Freud suggested that human behavior is motivated by what two things?
Libido: life/drive instinct (focus on pleasure/avoidance of pain) Death instinct: unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself/others
What is a self-concept?
Made up of a child's conscious, subjective perceptions and beliefs about him or herself.
What is the psychoanalytic perspective?
Personality is shaped by the unconscious
What is operant conditioning?
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Freud's anal stage overlaps with which one of Erikson's stages?
autonomy vs shame and doubt
The biological perspective focuses on what?
genetics
Freud's latency stage overlaps with which one of Erikson's stages?
industry vs inferiority
Social cognitive perspective posits that personality is the result of what?
reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, environmental factors.
What is the root of cause in the behavioral perspective and how do you treat it?
reinforcement and punishment; use behavioral therapy to reinforce better behaviors
What is the reality principle?
tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet
Erik Erikson extended Freud's ideas in 2 ways:
-Included social and interpersonal factors -Describing additional stages through adulthood
What happens in the anal stage?
1-3 years of age child seeks pleasure through control of elimination successful resolution is toilet training
What is the phallic stage?
3-6 years child seeks pleasure through genitals at this stage, child is sexually attracted to the opposite sex and hostile towards the same sex parent.
What is the latency stage?
6-12 sexual interests subside
What is he humanistic perspective?
Asserts that humans are given by an actualizing tendency to realize their highest potential
What is Albert Bandura's bobo doll experiment?
Children saw an adult being aggressive with an inflatable clown doll or an adult playing calmly with toys. Children in both groups were both frustrated in some way. Those that saw the aggressive behavior mimicked it, thus proving the existence of observational learning.
The stage of Erikson' theory that most closely corresponds to Freud's phallic stage is: A. Industry vs inferiority B. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt C. Trust vs mistrust D. Initiative vs guilt
D
What is reaction formation?
Expressing the opposite of what one really feels when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling.
What happens if one is fixated in the oral stage?
Fixation in this stage is oral aggression (verbally abusive) or oral passivity (smoking, overeating)
What is the biological perspective?
Result of individual differences in brain biology
What is regression?
Reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behaviour
What is the pleasure principle?
Seeking immediate satisfaction of basic sexual and aggressive drives
Who is the founding father of behaviorism?
Skinner
What are source traits?
They are the factors underlying human personality and behaviour.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
When a person's behavior changes based on consequences that happen to an observed model
Do you advance through Freuds's psychological stages if you become fixated in one?
Yes!
What is the Oedipus complex?
a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
What is client-centered therapy?
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth
What is the life course perspective?
a multidisciplinary approach developed to understand individual lives from a cultural, social, and structural perspective This takes into account family structure, SES, demographics, age/health, major life events and disorder prevalence
In humanistic theory, the most basic motive of all people is the _______ _______, which is an innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism
actualizing tendency
What is the genital stage?
adolescence to adulthood person should enter healthy heterosexual relationships successful resolution is intimate relationships
What is personality?
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
What is projection?
attributing one's unacceptable thoughts and feelings onto another who does not have them
What is Erikson's second stage?
autonomy vs shame and doubt 1-3 good outcome: children learn self control (autonomy) bad outcome: children remain dependent (shame)
What is the root of cause in the social cognitive perspective and how do you treat it?
behaviorism + cognition + observation; use cognitive behavioral therapy to treat by reinforcing better thoughts and providing better models.
What is sublimation?
channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities
What are twin studies?
compare pairs of monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins
What is the root of cause in the humanistic perspective and how do you treat it?
conditional positive regard; use client-centered therapy (active listening and empathy)
Behaviorism posits that people are ___________, proposing that people begin as a blank slate and that the environment reinforces/punishes
deterministic
The humanistic theory focuses on healthy personality ___________
development
What is the trait perspective?
emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals
What happens if child is fixated in the anal stage?
fixation is anal retention (overly neat/tidy) or anal expulsion (disorganized)
What is denial?
forceful refusal to acknowledge an emotionally painful memory
What is successful resolution of the phallic stage?
gender identification
What is Erikson's 7th stage?
generativity vs stagnation 35-60 good outcome: adult contributes to society bad outcome: adults feel that life is meaningless.
What is nature vs. nurture?
genetics vs environment
What is Erikson's fifth stage?
identity vs role confusion 12-18 good outcome: learn sense of self. bad outcome: lack own identity
If people encounter experiences in life that contradict their self-concepts, they feel uncomfortable _________
incongruence
What is Erikson's fourth stage?
industry vs inferiority 6-12 good outcome: children gain competence, gender role identity bad outcome: children feel incompetent.
Freud's phallic stage overlaps with which one of Erikson's stages?
initiative vs guilt
What is Erikson's third stage?
initiative vs guilt 3-6 good outcome: children achieve purpose bad outcome: children feel thwarted in their efforts.
What is Erikson's final stage?
integrity vs despair 60+ integrity: adults develop wisdom despair: adults feel unaccomplished
What is Erikson's 6th stage?
intimacy vs isolation 18-35 good outcome: develop mature relationships bad outcome: unable to create social ties
Fixation in the phallic stage results in what?
intimate relationships
What is the superego?
its our moral conscience, and is found as part of the conscious and unconscious mind
What is rationalization?
justifying behaviors, emotions, motives, considered intolerable through acceptable excuses
What is repression?
lack of recall of an emotionally painful memory
What are family studies?
look at the relative frequency of a trait within a family compared to the general population
In Eysenck's view, introverts were _________ easily aroused and therefore require and tolerate less external stimulation
more
The behavioral component of the social cognitive perspective influxes both behaviors learned from classical and operant, as well as ________________ learning
observational
What are Freud's psychosexual stages?
oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
What is the behaviorist perspective?
personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person's environment
What is the social cognitive perspective?
personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. This is also called observational learning or vicarious learning.
What is conditional positive regard?
positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
The ego is at the ________ level
preconscious
What is displacement?
redirecting one's feelings toward another person or object
Hans Eysenck proposed that a person's level of extroversion is based on individuals differences in what?
reticular formation
The main goal of the humanistic perspective is the development of what?
self-concept
The behaviorist perspective suggests that personality is the result of the interaction of what?
the individual and the environment
What is the actualizing tendency?
the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism
What is behavioral genetics?
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
What is social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
What is the Electra complex?
the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love
What is the ego?
this is the reality principle in Freudian theory. It indicates power of reasoning and control over behavior. It helps keep the impulses of the id in check.
According to Freud, adult personality is largely determined through the first _________ stages
three
Freud's oral stage overlaps with which one of Erikson's stages?
trust vs mistrust
What is Erikson's first stage?
trust vs mistrust 0-1 good outcome: infants needs are met, trusts the world bad outcome: infants needs are not met, mistrusts
What is the root of cause in the psychoanalytic perspective and how do you treat it?
unconscious; bring more psychic facts into the conscious. This is psychodynamic/psychotherapy
What did Raymond Cattell propose?
we all have 16 essential personality traits
Who is mostly associated with observational/associative learning?
Albert Bandura
