Chapter 7 Proteins

Which of the following food choice is most likely to provide the highest amount of protein?

ham

Which of the following are advantages of a vegetarian diet?

high in phytochemicals low saturated fat and cholesterol high fiber

Per pound of body weight children have ______ protein and energy needs than adults.

higher

What are the chemical messengers that regulate body processes and responses?

hormones

Which of the following are good examples of complementary protein dishes?

hummus on whole-grain pita bread red beans and rice peanut butter on whole-grain crackers, sprinkled with wheat germ

Each amino acid has a carbon atom that is attached to which four of the following?

hydrogen atom amino group acid group side group/R group

True or false: Fats and carbohydrates are rarely used to meet energy needs.

False

Plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no ______ than animal sources of protein.

cholesterol saturated fat

Most plant foods are not sources of high-quality proteins. What are examples of plants that are exceptions to this rule?

quinoa soy protein

Which of the following vegetarian diet avoids red meat but consumes other animal foods, including fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products?

semivegetarian

What are some common deficiencies in a poorly planned plant-based diet?

vitamin D vitamin B-12 iron

Soybeans may reduce the risk of______.

certain cancers

Which of the following are guidelines suggested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPyramid Plan for protein?

choose lean or low-fat meat remove any visible fat when buying ground beef, choose "extra lean" products

What are some good vegan alternatives to main menu items that contain meat?

dry beans foods made from soybeans split peas

True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.

false

True or false: Protein is the most important nutrient class.

false

Hives, swollen or itchy lips, skin flushing, eczema, difficulty swallowing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea are all signs and symptoms of _____.

food allergies

What are examples of serious health problems that can result if amino acids do not function properly?

food allergies PKU celiac disease

People with celiac disease must avoid products with _____.

gluten

During periods of growth, recovery from a serious illness, and pregnancy, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for protein will______.

increase

Research shows that a high-protein diet may ______ calcium loss in urine.

increase

A(n) ______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet.

indispensable essential

What are some of the serious health problems that result from untreated celiac disease?

infertility osteoporosis anemia

Which protein type lacks one or more of the essential amino acids?

low-quality protein incomplete

Which of the following is a function of blood proteins?

maintain fluid balance

A healthy body can make 11 of the 20 amino acids. The eleven amino acids the body makes are considered _____.

nonessential amino acids

Nitrogen equilibrium occurs when______.

protein intake equals protein losses

is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time.

protein turnover

Amino acids are the building blocks of

proteins

Which of the following food choice would provide the most protein?

salad with lettuce, sunflower seeds, black beans, cashews, and bread cubes

True or false: Symptoms of PKU can be alleviated with a special diet.

true

True or false: The majority of amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins.

true

Beside meat, what are some other good food sources for protein?

nuts beans seeds

Which of the following cells do not contain protein?

None, all cells contain some protein.

3 oz serving of broccoli

1g protein

What is a healthy adult's RDA for protein?

0.8 g/kg of body weight

Rank in order the steps involved in the digestion of protein beginning in the stomach. Instructions

1. Denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin. 2. The pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes. 3. Final digestion occurs within absorptive cells. 4. . Amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver. 5. Rectum: Very little dietary protein is excreted in feces.

Place the following foods in order beginning with the food that contains the most protein and ending with the food that contains the least protein.

1. chicken 2. tuna 3. peanut butter 4. banana

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein?

10 - 35%

3 oz serving of broiled lean ground beef

20g protein

What is the RDA of protein for a typical (154 lb.) man?

56 grams

Egg, hard cooked

6g protein

There are a total ofessential amino acids and eleven nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

9

Which of the following would be helpful in decreasing animal food intake?

Decrease serving sizes of animal foods. Replace meat with other sources of high-quality protein. Prepare foods with less animal protein and more plant protein.

Which of the following is true about the denaturation of protein?

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach denatures protein making them easier to digest. Wine denatures protein in meat making the meat more tender. Denaturation alters the protein's shape and function.

What happens when excess protein is consumed?

It is turned into glucose or fat. It is metabolized for energy needs.

The form of PEM that occurs when a previously breastfed toddler is suddenly weaned to a diet sufficient in energy but insufficient in protein is called

Kwashiorkor

______ are a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds.

Legumes

The most severe form of PEM is starvation or

Marasmus

Which of the following are true about complete protein sources?

Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein. Complete protein sources supply all nine essential amino acids.

Which of the following elements is part of protein but not part of lipids or carbohydrates?

Nitrogen

Which naturally occurring food is 100% protein?

No naturally occurring food is 100% protein.

What disease is caused by a rare genetic disorder that occurs when cells are unable to produce an enzyme that converts an amino acid to other compounds?

PKU

What happens to protein production when the supply or "pool" of amino acids does not have one or more of the essential amino acids needed for constructing the protein?

Production of the protein stops.

How is protein different from lipids and carbohydrates?

Protein contains nitrogen.

Choose the true statements about protein.

Protein is equally important as the other classes of nutrients. Overemphasizing one class of nutrients while ignoring other nutrients can lead to nutritional imbalances.

How can you determine the amount of protein in a food?

Read the food label.

Edema refers to

a buildup of fluid in the spaces between cells.

Celiac disease is a common inherited condition that results in poor ______ of nutrients from the small intestine.

absorption

Where are dipeptides and tripeptides broken into amino acids?

absorptive cells

Kwashiorkor occurs when a child consumes a diet______.

adequate in calories but lacking in protein

What results when a protein is absorbed without complete digestion?

allergy

Proteins are made by assembling the 20 different _____ into specific sequences as provided by the DNA.

amino acids

Proteins are made up of smaller units called

amino acids

The end product of protein digestion is _____.

amino acids

There are three groups that make up each amino acid. They are

amino, acid, R

A food label will give you the following information about the protein in a food.

amount of protein in the food

PKU is caused by _____.

an enzyme insufficiency

Making to protect the body from a virus or a bacteria is one of several functions of protein.

antibodies

Children and adults with PKU should avoid the alternative sweetener called _____.

aspartame

PKU is diagnosed in infants with a _____.

blood test

Who has the highest protein and energy needs per pound of body weight?

children

High-protein diets are generally not recommended for healthy individuals because they may lead to higher-than-normal urinary losses of _____.

calcium

Possible disadvantages of a plant-based diet include food intakes low in ______.

calcium iron vitamin B-12

Which of the following elements are combined to make a protein?

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

Abdominal bloating, chronic diarrhea, and weight loss are all symptoms of _____.

celiac disease

What will prevent the absorption of nutrients, often leading to malnutrition?

damaged villi

Damaged villi will _____.

decrease nutritional absorption

Your body makes proteins by following information coded in your _____.

deoxyribonucleic acid DNA

What is digested in the absorptive cells of the small intestine?

di- and tripeptides

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach denatures food proteins, making them easier to

digest

MyPlate recommends varying your protein choices by _____.

eating 8 ounces of fish such as salmon, trout, and herring snacking on unsalted nuts and seeds replacing meat dishes with dry beans, split peas, and foods made with soybeans

When blood protein levels decrease and water leaks from the bloodstream into the spaces between cells, the resulting condition is called

edema

______ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues.

edema

Which of the following is the food with the highest quality protein because it is well digested and has a pattern of essential amino acids that closely resembles that used by humans?

egg

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) affects people whose diets lack _____.

energy protein

A compound that speeds up chemical reactions without becoming part of the products is called a(n)

enzyme

What are specific compounds called that speed up chemical reactions?

enzyme

Protein functions as _____.

enzymes antibodies compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance

A high protein intake typically translates into a high ______ intake.

fat

A diet high in animal sources of protein will typically also be high in _____.

fat and cholesterol

Which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?

fats carbohydrates

Poor sources of protein are _____.

fruits

If a person with celiac disease eats foods that contain, the body will mount an immune response in the small intestine that inflames or destroys villi.

gluten

Choose examples of legumes.

lentils and beans soybeans, peas, and peanuts

After completion of digestion of protein in the absorptive cells, the amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the _____.

liver

Which of the following are potential disadvantages from following a vegetarian diet?

low iron and calcium low vitamin D and riboflavi

proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential amino acids.

low-quality

What are some examples of foods made from soybeans?

meat substitutes soy milk infant formula

A ______ diet is best for getting high-quality protein because of the wide variety of foods available to contribute the nine essential amino acids.

mixed

A high intake of meat is typically _____.

more expensive

nitrogen balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed.

negative

Which element is primarily lost through the elimination of urea and creatinine?

nitrogen

Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?

nitrogen equilibrium

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

nonessential

amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

You can improve the taste of extra lean ground beef that may taste dry by adding _____.

olive oil

A vegan, or total vegetarian, eats _____.

only plant foods

Which of the following is true about protein?

organic molecules contain nitrogen

Some nutrition experts suspect that diets that supply a lot of animal protein are associated with ______, due to the increased calcium losses seen with these diets.

osteoporosis

Which of the following are where some of the most common allergenic proteins are found?

peanuts shellfish wheat

Which enzyme helps with the chemical digestion of protein in the stomach?

pepsin

is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins.

pepsin

______ proteins are heart-healthy because they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat.

plant

Which food category generally provides less than 3 grams of protein per ounce?

plants

protein balance occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses.

positive

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses?

positive protein balance

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for protein increases during______.

pregnancy recovery from serious illness a period of rapid growth

Amino acids are the end product of ______ digestion.

protein

An allergen is a______.

protein

Enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of

protein

Hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, are made of

protein

Most foods contain some ______.

protein

Which of the following is an example of a dish that includes complementary proteins?

red beans and rice

Which of the following would be a benefit of replacing animal proteins with plant foods?

reduced food costs increased health benefits

Lower food costs and an increased health benefit would be an advantage of______.

replacing animal protein with plant foods

A person who eats all foods except red meats would be considered a

semivegetarian

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

serve as buffers that help maintain a normal pH

The ______ of a protein is characteristic of its function.

shape

Prior to arriving at the liver via the portal vein, the amino acids that make up protein were in the______.

small intestine

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

stomach

Where does protein digestion begin and end?

stomach/small Intestinal cells

Quinoa and soy protein are considered ______ sources of protein.

superior

A protein is deaminated and its carbon skeleton is used for energy or stored as fat when we consume______.

too much protein

True or false: Every cell contains protein.

true

True or false: Forming antibodies to protect the body from disease and infection is one of the functions of protein.

true

Protein-energy malnutrition is an example of _____.

undernutrition

Which of the following account for the majority of the nitrogen losses that occur each day?

urinary elimination of urea

A person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a _____.

vegetarian

Vitamin B12 deficiency is a concern for people who are on a______.

vegetarian diet

Vegan women who breastfeed their infants may produce milk that is deficient in______.

vitamin B-12

Marasmus can result in _____.

weakness wasting death

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of celiac disease?

weight loss abdominal bloating chronic diarrhea

A protein intake that is 20% of a person's total calorie intake would be ______ the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).

within

Most plant sources of protein provides < ______ grams of protein per ounce.

3

Allergic reactions generally occur within ______ minutes to a couple of hours after eating the offending food.

30

Anemia, liver disease, osteoporosis, and infertility can result from untreated______.

celiac disease

What type of disease results in the poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine?

celiac disease

Most allergens are______.

proteins

______ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood.

proteins

Serious allergies, celiac disease, and PKU are all examples of what can happen to the body when______.

proteins do not function properly

What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?

complementary protein

There are nine ______ amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed as part of our diet.

essential

A protein in red blood cells, hemoglobin, is comprised of four polypeptide chains coiled together. This shape makes hemoglobin very good at transporting _____.

oxygen

Amino acids are the building blocks of _____.

proteins

Mixed diets provide high-quality protein because ______ proteins are being consumed.

complementary

A(n) ______ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

complementary