Chapter 7-Proteins

How do you calculate the RDA for protein?

-convert weight from pounds to kilograms -calculate RDA by multiplying weight in kilograms by 0.8g of protein

the RDA for protein is _____g/kg body weight

0.8

list the steps of the digestion and absorption of protein: liver large intestine stomach small intestine pancreas

1. stomach 2. pancreas 3. small intestine 4. liver 5. large intestine

how many pounds are in a kilogram?

2.2 pounds

Which of the following is associated with excessive protein intakes? a. dehydration b. anemia c. diarrhea d. diabetes

a. dehydration

Which of the following is NOT a usual characteristic of marasmus? a. edema b. severe weight loss c. impaired growth d. muscle wasting

a. edema

The sequential order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is called the _______________. a. primary structure b. secondary structure c. tertiary structure d. quaternary structure

a. primary structure

The carbon skeleton of an amino acid is the portion remaining after an amino group has been removed a. true b. false

a. true

essential amino acids must be supplied by the diet because the body cannot synthesize them in adequate amounts a. true b. false

a. true

The complementary mRNA nucleotide of thymine is _________ and the complementary tRNA is ___________

adenine; uracil

What is the fate of excess intake of dietary protein?

after absorption, the extra amino acids will be rapidly degraded and used to make glucose for energy or to make fat for storage

What are the nonessential amino acids?

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine

components, typically proteins that induce a hypersensitive response, which excess production of certain immune system antibodies. subsequent exposure to the same protein leads to allergic symptoms

allergen

lack of an immune response to foreign compounds entering the body.

anergy

Which of the following is classified as a complete protein? a. kidney beans b. fat-free milk c. whole-grain bread d. corn tortillas

b. fat-free milk

measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein

biological value

compounds that help maintain acid-base balance within a narrow range

buffers

Proteins are involved in all of the following functions EXCEPT: a. providing energy b. aiding in immune function c. promoting bowel health d. providing cell structure

c. promoting bowel health

Which of the following population groups is at increased risk of PEM? a. college athletes b. obese individuals c. the elderly d. adolescents

c. the elderly

a process involved in the synthesis of nonessential amino acids is called __________. a. ketogenesis b. gluconeogenesis c. transamination d. supplementation

c. transamination

Which of the following nutrients would most likely be low in a vegan diet? a. vitamin C b. thiamin c. vitamin B-12 d. dietary fiber

c. vitamin B-12

the muscle wasting in the body due to the conversion of amino acids into glucose

cachexia

minute blood vessels, 1 cell thick, that create a junction between arterial and venous circulation. Gas and nutrient exchange occurs here between body cells and the blood

capillary beds

what are the major sources of fuel for cells

carbohydrates and fats

amino acid without the amino group

carbon skeleton

The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) is derived by multiplying a food's __________________ by the food's ___________________

chemical score; digestibility

__________ triggers the release of the hormones secretin and CCK

chyme

specific sequence of 3 nucleotide units within DNA that codes particular amino acids needed for protein synthesis

codon

protein synthesis takes place in the __________ of the cell

cytosol

The complementary mRNA nucleotide ofguanine is _________ and the complementary tRNA is ___________

cytsosine; guanine

Which of the following foods is a common cause of food allergies? a. peanuts b. eggs c. shellfish d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is a rich source of protein? a. citrus fruits b. dark, leafy greens c. enriched grains d. barbequed chicken

d. barbequed chicken

Which of the following is NOT a means of determining the protein quality of a food a. biological value b. chemical score c. protein efficiency ratio d.complementary score

d. complementary score

losing an amino group from an amino acid without transferring it to a carbon skeleton is called ______________.

deamination

high-protein diets lead to increased urine output which in turn poses a risk for ____________

dehydration

nonessential amino acids are also called ____________ amino acids

dispensable

fluid buildup in the interstitial fluid

edema

what is the chief factor that governs the quality of a food protein?

essential amino acid content

amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts or at all and therefore must be included in the diet

essential amino acids

The complementary mRNA nucleotide of cytosine is _________ and the complementary tRNA is ___________

guanine; cytosine

proteins in the blood that are responsible for identifying and neutralizing antigens as well as pathogens that bind specifically to antigens

immunoglobulins

a high-protein diet may _________ calcium loss in urine

increase

____________ amino acid is another term for essential amino acid

indispensable

What hormones stimulate positive protein balance?

insulin, growth hormone, testosterone

condition occurring primarily I young children who have an existing disease and consume a marginal amount of energy and severely insufficient protein. It results in edema, poor growth, weakness, and in increased susceptibility to further infection and disease

kwashiorkor

the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize

limiting amino acid

What are the limiting amino acids in grains?

lysine

What are the limiting amino acids in nuts and seeds?

lysine

synthesis of polypeptide chains by the ribosome according to information contained in strands of messenger RNA (mRNA)

mRNA translation

condition that results from a severe deficit of energy and protein, which causes extreme loss of fat stores, muscle mass, and body weight

marasmus

requires large amounts of calories and proteins to treat

marasmus

What are the primary limiting amino acids in legumes?

methionine and tryptophan

______________________ occurs during: -inadequate intake of protein -inadequate energy intake -conditions such as fevers, burns, and infections -bed rest -deficiency of amino acids

negative nitrogen balance

amino acids are unique among the energy-yielding nutrients because they contain __________

nitrogen

______________________ occurs during: -healthy adult meeting protein and energy needs

nitrogen equilibrium

should amino acids be taken as supplements?

no

amino acids that the human body can synthesize in sufficient amounts

nonessential amino acids

__________ is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins

pepsin

What are the essential amino acids?

phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, lysine

amount of a nutrient found within the body that can be easily mobilized when needed

pool

______________________ occurs during: -growth -pregnancy -recovery stage after illness/injury

positive nitrogen balance

the sum of protein breakdown and synthesis

protein turnover

condition resulting from insufficient amounts of energy and protein, which eventually result in body wasting and an increased susceptibility to infection and disease

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

intact proteins are __________ absorbed from the digestive tract

rarely

occurs because of defects in the structure of the protein chains of hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells

sickle cell disease

the ________ takes amino acids to the ribosomes as needed during protein synthesis

tRNA

transferring an amino group from 1 amino acid to a carbon skeleton

transamination

Hospitalized patients recovering from illness or trauma usually need additional protein to attain positive nitrogen balance: true/false

true

Many children with kwashiorkor maintain some muscle and subcutaneous fat: true/false

true

a person that has the genetic PKU requires __________ to be a conditionally essential amino acid

tyrosine

what amino acid is conditionally essential?

tyrosine

The complementary mRNA nucleotide of adenine is _________ and the complementary tRNA is ___________

uracil; adenine

nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism and the major source of nitrogen in the urine; chemically depicted as this:

urea

what are reasons for consuming a vegetarian diet?

various philosophies, science, religious views, ecological

The most common nutritional concerns for infants and children following vegetarian and vegan diets are:

vitamin D, iron, vitamin B-12

process of forming messenger RNA (mRNA) from a portion of DNA

DNA transcription