Chapter 7 PSYC

suggestibility

- - Suggestibility distorts memory when a person changes a memory based on misleading information. Imagine that a red car crashes into a blue one at 25 mph. A witness who is asked, "How fast was the red car going when it bumped into the blue car?" may guess that the impact speed was 20 mph. But a witness who is asked, "How fast was the red car going when it smashed into the blue car?" may guess 30 mph.

cerebellum memory (EXAMPLE)

- an experienced chef chopping an onion - The cerebellum is responsible for implicit memory of procedural tasks and motor actions.

suggestibility

- being influenced by misleading information about a memory - Studies show that when people are given misleading information, this information affects their memory for an event.

memory bias

- changing of memories over time in light of current beliefs and attitudes - We tend to recall our past beliefs and past attitudes as being consistent with our current ones.

bias

- distorted memory of past events based on current information

absentmindedness

- encoding failure from lack of attention - forgetting something, occurs because a person has not paid attention.

memory decay

- forgetting over time - Most loss of information is due not simply to decay of memory traces in the nervous system but rather to interference from new information.

amygdala

- learning to feel afraid when you hear ominous string music - The amygdala plays a role in implicit memory for classical conditioning, particularly fear learning.

misattribution

- misremembering the time, place, person, or circumstances of a memory - Source amnesia is a form of misattribution where one cannot recall where one learned information; cryptomnesia is a form of misattribution where one believes someone else's idea is their own.

persistence

- remembering things one wants to forget - Persistence refers to the reoccurrence of remembering unwanted memories.

forming a memory

- temporal lobes - hippocampus

repressed memories

- temporarily non-retrievable memories of traumatic events - The existence of repressed memories is controversial. Researcher Elizabeth Loftus has argued that alleged repressed memories, later recovered, can be explained as false memories implanted through the misguided use of therapeutic techniques.

blocking

- temporary inability to retrieve needed information - Forgetting by blocking creates the inability to retrieve needed information.

forming and recalling a memory

- visual cortical areas - auditory cortical areas

Misattribution

- wrong source - Misattribution distorts the source of a memory. An example would be correctly remembering a funny story, but believing it came from a friend when in fact it came from a TV show.

flashbulb memory

-vivid recollections of highly emotional or surprising events -Highly emotional or surprising events can create vivid, detailed memories that may or may not be accurate.

sensory memory (EXAMPLE

A driver glances at a pedestrian before looking back at the road ahead.

working memory (EXAMPLE)

A person repeats a phone number until he enters it into his contact list.

misattribution (EXAMPLE)

Abasi wrote a poem, but later discovered it was actually parts of two famous poems. (Abasi is demonstrating cryptomnesia, which is the belief that someone else's ideas are one's own.)

memory decay (EXAMPLE)

Abellona enjoyed rereading the murder mystery because she forgot who had committed the crime.

anterograde amnesia (EXAMPLE)

After his brain tumor was removed, Kudret could not remember any new information presented in school.

memory bias (EXAMPLE)

After the passing of her father, Adola tended only to recall the positive experiences that she had shared with him. (We tend to recall our past beliefs and past attitudes as being consistent with our current ones.)

long term memory (EXAMPLE)

After two weeks of self-testing, a student recalls information for a cumulative final exam.

procedural memory (EXAMPLE)

Although she had not played in years, Piyumi played and won at Ping-Pong.

semantic memory (EXAMPLE)

Andrew lectured on the components of a newspaper article.

mnemonics (EXAMPLE)

Benat made up a silly sentence, where each word started with the same letter as a word he was trying to remember, to remind him of the order of operations in mathematics.

retrograde amnesia (EXAMPLE)

Burke sustained a concussion in a football game and could not recall the events of the day prior to the concussion.

retroactive interference (EXAMPLE)

Carolyn recently changed her computer password and could not recall her old password.

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (EXAMPLE)

Catherine could picture the movie actress and the first letter of her name, but she temporarily forgot her name.

Which of the following scenarios support the idea that different types of memory are located in different areas of the brain?

Correct -H.M. could form new implicit memories after his surgery but not new explicit memories. -British children with poor episodic memories due to brain damage had perfectly good semantic memories and normal IQs. incorrect -A patient with deficiencies in explicit memory still performs well on declarative memory tests. -People can have the ability to form good explicit memories even if they are unable to form episodic or semantic memories.

Which of the following are examples of declarative memory?

Correct - explaining the rules for playing a card game - repeating directions to drive to a new friend's house - recounting a conversation a person had with a friend incorrect - eating while reading a book - walking on the beach while gazing out at the ocean waves

Which of the following are characteristics of working memory?

Correct -It is an active processing system. -Information is available for 20 to 30 seconds. -Information is maintained through rehearsal. -It has a limited memory span. Incorrect -Information is available for 2 to 3 seconds. -It holds information from one source at a time.

In which of the following ways does chunking affect working memory?

Correct -increases memory capacity -makes meaningful groupings easier to recall -organizes information incorrect -utilizes maintenance rehearsal for easier recall -increases attention

Identify the following ways in which long-term memory can be distorted.

Correct -recall of flashbulb memories -reconstruction -suggestibility -cryptomnesia -source amnesia Incorrect -intentional rehearsal -chunking information -using mnemonics

short-term memory (EXAMPLE)

During an argument, a person recalls something the other person said a few minutes earlier

flshbulb memory (EXAMPLE)

Ekon retold a detailed story of how the tornado passed right by his house. (Flashbulb memories are vivid and detailed recollections of emotional or surprising events.)

proactive interference (EXAMPLE)

Erin took four years of French in high school. On her first college exam in Italian, she could only recall the French words.

encoding specificity principle (EXAMPLE)

Hearing the movie's soundtrack helped Sorkunde recall the details from a particular scene in the film.

visual memory (EXAMPLE)

Joseph looks up a word in a dictionary to learn how to spell the word.

suggestibility (EXAMPLE)

Kamali grew up hearing stories of the great blizzard. She remembered walking home in this blizzard until she discovered that the blizzard occurred before she was born. (Studies show that when people are given misleading information, this information affects their memory for an event.)

method of loci (EXAMPLE)

Keaton increased his recall when learning the structures of the brain by visualizing them as different rooms of a house.

acoustic memory (EXAMPLE)

Machala repeats a street name to herself while looking for a piece of paper to write it down.

maintenance rehearsal (EXAMPLE)

Maria repeatedly uses flash cards to learn vocabulary definitions.

state-dependent (EXAMPLE)

Midori was calm when studying, but anxious when taking the exam; she could not recall some of the information. (State-dependent learning refers to how similar internal states during encoding and retrieval enhance memory retrieval. Experiencing a calm state during encoding but an anxious state during retrieval interferes with memory.

bias (EXAMPLE)

Monique recalled her elementary school friend as shy because she recently learned that her friend has social anxiety.

elaborative rehearsal (EXAMPLE)

Nina relates the new knitting pattern to something she had learned previously.

blocking (EXAMPLE)

Petrine knew her friend's phone number, but she couldn't remember it.

episodic memory (EXAMPLE)

Sami recalled the events of the music festival she attended.

Place the three phases of the information processing model in the correct locations on the figure.

Sensory input -> encoding -> strorage -> Retrieval

absentmindedness (EXAMPLE)

Talking with a student after class, the professor forgot his briefcase in the classroom.

misattribution (EXAMPLE)

The student thought the psychology professor had assigned a ten-page paper, but her history professor had given that assignment.

suggestibility (EXAMPLE)

The teenager is told that a neighbor has a vicious dog, then mistakenly recalls a time when the dog chased him.

context dependent (EXAMPLE)

Tori always did her homework in her classroom and performed well on a subsequent essay exam given in the same room. (Context-dependent learning is encoding and retrieving information in similar situations to facilitate memory retrieval.)

encoding specificity (EXAMPLE)

When Akira smelled chocolate chip cookies, he recalled the first time he baked with his mom. (Stimulus cues encoded with an experience can serve as retrieval for long-term memory of those experiences.)

spreading activation (EXAMPLE)

When Etsuko heard the word "cat," she started thinking about her pet cats. (Spreading activation refers to how the activation of one node activates other similar nodes in a simultaneous manner.)

classical conditioning (EXAMPLE)

When the lightning flashed, the child covered his ears, expecting the thunder to follow.

repressed memory (EXAMPLE)

While undergoing psychotherapy, Roshanak comes to the conclusion that she was sexually abused by her parents as a child. (A proper investigation of Roshanak's allegations would include an examination of the therapy she underwent. It is possible (though it should not be assumed) that her therapist said or did things to encourage her to produce the memories of abuse.)

classical conditioning

association of stimuli

Jose and his friends like to study for tests in different ways. Rank how well each strategy will help on the final exam, from best to worst.

best :

elaborative rehearsal

connecting new information to long-term memories

procedural memory

coordinated movement

Identify the following ways in which false memories could be constructed.

correct - A person may falsely remember that a word was part of a list, if it was related to words that were in the list. - A person may encode as true a story someone else tells about him. - An imagined event will form a mental image that may be later recalled as a real event. incorrect - A person attends to details of an event. - A person immediately rehearses information he learns.

Which of the following examples indicate memory problems as a result of amnesia? (Loss of memory for events just prior to a brain trauma or traumatizing experience is a memory deficit caused by retrograde amnesia.)

correct - After Shohreh slipped on ice and hit her head, she did not remember what she did for the rest of the day. - Sean barely escaped from a burning building where others died. The next day he could not remember how he'd ended up in the building in the first place. incorrect - The professor called on a student but used a former student's name. - Navid forgot to take note of where she parked her car at the mall and could not find her parking spot.

Which of the following questions might a judge in a court of law ask if she thought the eyewitness testimony was distorted?

correct - Has the witness experienced any changes in attitudes or beliefs about the crime witnessed? - Was the event highly emotional to the witness? - Was the witness asked leading questions immediately following the event? incorrect - Does the witness demonstrate lack of details due to the serial position effect?

Which of the following examples indicate memory problems as a result of forgetting?

correct - Hathai cannot find her keys. - Arthur cannot answer a question on an exam after studying for it. - Bree could not remember the ending to a movie she had seen three years ago. incorrect - After being hit in the head with a basketball, Napoleon couldn't recall how he got to the game. - After hearing news that his high school friend was arrested for drunk driving, Philippe falsely remembered a time his friend was drunk in class. - Mongkut thought he remembered his boss telling staff about a policy change, but in actuality, the conversation occurred among staff.

Which of the following are characteristics of sensory memory?

correct - Iconic memory is visual sensory memory. - Each sense contributes to sensory memory . - Echoic memory is auditory sensory memory. - Senses are available as a brief memory trace. incorrect - It is available for 20 to 30 seconds. - It causes us to experience motion of objects in discrete, separate steps.

Which of the following strategies enhance long-term memory by using retrieval cues?

correct - Joza drinks coffee while he studies, so he buys a cup of coffee on his way to his exam. - Jake practices his speech in the classroom where he will deliver it. - Erica visualizes the empty spots in her kitchen cupboards to recall her grocery list. incorrect - Eric practices the speech he will deliver to a full auditorium in his quiet bedroom. - Judy always drinks coffee and eats sweets when she studies, but she attempts to take her exam without relying on coffee or sweets. - Marek looks at a long list of terms he has never seen and tries to memorize them by rote repetition.

Identify the following ways in which information becomes encoded from short-term to long-term memory.

correct - meaningful rehearsal - practice retrieving the material incorrect - rote repetition - paying attention

Which of the following memory tasks would H.M. and others with his type of memory deficit have trouble completing?

correct - remembering a new bus route - repeating a conversation he'd had after his surgery - recalling he had met someone recently incorrect -tying his shoes - recalling events prior to his surgery. - performing motor tasks learned after his surgery

Which of the following are examples of nondeclarative memory?

correct - remembering how to tie a square knot - forgetting you saw a movie trailer but wanting to go see the movie - remembering how to paint a ceiling incorrect - telling someone what you had for brunch over the weekend - telling someone the definition of psychology

Which of the following are examples of explicit memory?

correct - telling someone a family cooking recipe - tutoring a student in your favorite topic in your major - singing the alphabet backwards incorrect - turning off your coffee maker every morning

Which of the following are characteristics of long-term memory?

correct -It has almost limitless capacity. -It is relatively permanent. incorrect -It is limited to 20 to 30 items at a time. -As new information is learned, old information is lost.

Jason made index cards on a textbook chapter and always studied them in the same order. During the exam, he was able to recall the information on his first and last index cards, but not the ones in the middle. Which of the following factors explain why Jason was unable to recall the information from the middle of the chapter?

correct -recency effect -primacy effect -serial position effect incorrect -sensory memory -chunking

episodic meory

experience

semantic memory

facts

consolidation (EXAMPLE)

getting a good night's sleep before the exam

H.M., later revealed to be a man named Henry Molaison, had portions of his medial temporal lobes removed to treat epilepsy. The surgery left his working and long-term memory (BLANK). His ability to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory was (BLANK). This demonstrated that working memory and long-term memory are (BLANK).

intact lost distinct

hippocampus (EXAMPLE)

learning your way around a new city

schema

long-term memory structures

Memory consolidation involves a strengthening of synaptic connections, in a process called (BLANK). Research has shown that this process involves NMDA receptors on the neuron at the (BLANK) end of a synaptic signal. When the neuron is sufficiently (BLANK), the receptors respond to the presence of (BLANK) in the synapse

long-term potentiation receiving depolarized glutamate

storage (EXAMPLE)

maintaining information until you take a test

consolidation

neural process for encoding information for storage

encoding

processing information for storage

Encoding (EXAMPLE)

reading and studying your textbook

Retrieval (EXAMPLE)

recalling the definition of a key term from your memory

retrieval

remembering stored information

temporal lobe (EXAMPLE)

remembering the plot of a book you read

The best way to improve recall of specific information from long-term memory is through (BLANK). This was demonstrated in a study where students learned about sea otters using that strategy and two others, namely (BLANK) and construction of a (BLANK). Researchers then tested their recall one week later.

repeatedly practicing the recall repeated review of the information concept map

prefrontal cortex (EXAMPLE)

repeating a phone number until you can write it down

storage

retention of information

maintenance rehearsal

rote repetition

An experiment by George Sperling estimated the duration of (BLANK) memory by briefly showing participants a block of 12 letters and then prompting them to recall each row of letters by the use of specified (BLANK) . The experiment determined that participants very briefly remembered (BLANK) of the letters, but after roughly (BLANK) second, participants' recall began to fade.

sensory pitches most 1/3 of a

memory

the nervous system's ability to acquire, retain, and retrieve information

Identify the following statements about how long-term memory works as either true or false, according to the network of associations model.

true -

Identify the following statements about persistence as either true or false.

true - PTSD is an example of persistence. - It may be associated with activation of the amygdala, leading to stronger memories. - It can be reduced using extinction procedures. false - Persistence refers to any type memory that lasts.

According to Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing model, place the types of encoding in order of how deeply the memories will be encoded, from shallowest to deepest.

visual acoustic semantic elaborative semantic