Chapter 7 - Psychology

Ten-year-old Martine is reading a story. When she gets to a difficult section, she does not slow down. Martine has not yet mastered A) cognitive self-regulation. B) theory of mind. C) metacognition. D) cognitive inhibition.

cognitve self regulation

On average, a preschooler from a low-income family is read to for a total of _____ hours during early childhood, a middle-income child for _____ hours. A) 25; 1,000 B) 100; 500 C) 500; 2,500 D) 1,000; 10,000

25; 1000

According to Case's neo-Piagetian theory, if Maribelle has begun to tell coherent stories with a main plot and several subplots, she is most likely age A) 4 to 6. B) 7 to 9. C) 9 to 11. D) 12 to 14.

9 - 11

Studies of infantile amnesia suggest that the advent of __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia. A) implicit memory B) automization C) a clear self-image D) phonological awareness

A clear self image

In a German study, the more teachers emphasized __________, the more children gained in math achievement from second to third grade. A) strategy experimentation B) conceptual knowledge C) computational drills D) numerical understanding

B) conceptual knowledge

Children who are skilled at cognitive inhibition have the ability to A) produce a variety of strategies when faced with a novel task. B) control internal and external distracting stimuli. C) continuously monitor progress toward a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts. D) think out a sequence of acts and allocate attention accordingly to reach a goal.

B) control internal and external distracting stimuli.

Compared with the United States, math lessons in Asian classrooms A) devote less time to exploring math concepts and strategies and more to drill and repetition. B) devote more time to exploring math concepts and strategies and less to drill and repetition. C) are taught over and over again so that all students master the content. D) are geared more toward girls than boys, since girls need extra support to master the content.

B) devore more time to exploring math concepts and strategies and less to drill and repeition

To learn the words "chef," "pasta," and "sauce," 12-year-old Harris imagines himself wearing a chef's hat and pouring a special sauce over a plate of pasta. Which of the following memory strategies is Harris using? A) rehearsal B) elaboration C) organization D) utilization

B) elaboration

Kendrie's preschool class changes the calendar at the beginning of class every day and looks at words that tell the month and day. This activity contributes to Kendrie's A) cardinality. B) emergent literacy. C) fuzzy-trace theory. D) autobiographical memory.

B) emergent literacy

Siegler's model of strategy applies a(n) __________ perspective to children's cognition.

B) evolutionary

Findings show that selective attention improves sharply between ages __________, with gains continuing into adulthood. A) 2 and 4 B) 5 and 7 C) 6 and 10 D) 11 and 15

C) 6- 10

Which of the following statements is supported by research on mathematics? A) Older preschoolers establish an accurate one-to-one correspondence between number words and the items they represent. B) The principle of cardinality is attained before the principle of ordinality. C) A beginning grasp of ordinality is displayed between 14 and 16 months of age. D) Most 1-year-olds grasp the principle of cardinality.

C) A beginning grasp of ordinality is displayed between 14 and 16 months of age.

Which of the following is a limitation of using stimulant medication to treat ADHD? A) These drugs cause a number of dangerous medical conditions. B) Prolonged use results in extreme hyperactivity. C) Drugs cannot teach children to compensate for inattention and impulsivity. D) Children rapidly build a tolerance to these drugs.

C) Drugs cannot teach children to compensate for inattention and impulsivity

Which of the following statements is supported by research on memory? A) Boys tend to produce better organized and more complex personal memories than girls. B) Preschoolers who experience the repetitive style produce more organized and detailed personal stories than preschoolers who experience the elaborative style. C) Preschoolers who experience the elaborative style recall more information about past events than preschoolers who experience the repetitive style. D) Asian adults report their first memory, on average, earlier than Western adults.

C) Preschoolers who experience the elaborative style recall more information about past events than preschoolers who experience the repetitive style.

Six-year-old Nafiz is giving testimony about domestic violence he witnessed. Which of the following techniques is most likely to result in response consistency and accuracy in his testimony? A) The prosecutor interrupts Nafiz's denials about certain events. B) The prosecutor suggests incorrect "facts" about what actually occurred. C) The prosecutor uses a nonconfrontational questioning style. D) The prosecutor reinforces Nafiz for giving the desired answers.

C) The prosecutor uses a nonconfrontational questioning style.

When asked to tell what happens at preschool, Hope says, "You have circle time, eat a snack, take a nap, and then play outside." This is an example of A) verbatim memory. B) biographical retrieval. C) a script. D) semantic knowledge.

C) a script

The children in Ramon's preschool class perform considerably better in situations in which they must follow some commands but not others, as in the game "Simon Says." This is an example of A) analytical problem solving. B) deficiencies in frontal lobe functioning. C) age-related gains in inhibition. D) Sigeler's model of strategy choice.

C) age-related gains in inhibition

According to Siegler's model of strategy choice, A) before the age of 9 or 10, children fail to use even basic strategies efficiently. B) speed does not play a central role in children's decisions about strategy use. C) children often discover faster, more accurate strategies by using more time-consuming techniques. D) children consistently use new, more adaptive strategies as soon as they discover them.

C) children often discover faster, more accurate strategies yy using more time consuming techniques

Which of the following statements is true regarding metacognitive knowledge? A) Children younger than age 6 pay attention to the process of thinking rather than the outcomes of thought. B) Children use private speech to help them acquire academic skills. C) Children typically rate "good" reasoning as based on weighing of possibilities and gathering of evidence. D) Children who use private speech during difficult tasks rarely execute effective mental strategies.

C) children typically rate "good" reasoning as based on weighing of possibilities and gathering of evidence

By age 10, most children A) reach a broad understanding and awareness of the ways that knowledge is acquired. B) are unable to consistently make mental inferences. C) distinguish mental activities on the basis of certainty of knowledge. D) grasp the interrelatedness of cognitive processes.

C) distinguish mental activities on the basis of certainty of knowledge

After returning from a cousin's birthday party, Malik asks his 4-year-old son, "What was the first thing you did at the party?" "Why didn't Jarrod open his presents before you ate cake?" "I thought the clown was really funny. What did you think?" Malik is using a(n) __________ narrative style. A) repetitive B) utilization C) elaborative D) emergent

C) elaborative

Research shows that __________ heighten(s) the chances of reporting false items consistent with the fuzzy meaning of an experience. A) autobiographical narratives B) theory of mind C) gists D) infantile amnesia

C) gists

Frequent media multitaskers, who are accustomed to continuously shifting their attention between tasks, A) experience greater activity in the hippocampus, which plays a vital role in explicit memory. B) experience no difficulty applying their learning to new problems. C) have a harder time filtering out irrelevant stimuli when they are not multitasking. D) have an easier time ignoring irrelevant stimuli when they are not multitasking.

C) have a harder time filtering out irrelevant stimuli when they are not multitasking

Recall is more difficult than recognition because it A) involves noticing that a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced. B) is a fairly automatic process. C) involves remembering a stimulus that is absent. D) does not involve a deliberate search of long-term memory.

C) involves remembering a stimulus that is absent

Improvement in recall over the preschool years is strongly associated with A) mastery of conservation. B) understanding of false belief. C) language development. D) advanced perspective-taking skills.

C) language development

Sasha says, "I better put my homework in my backpack so that I don't forget to take it in the morning." This demonstrates the successful application of Sasha's A) short-term memory. B) cognitive inhibition. C) metacognitive knowledge. D) cognitive self-regulation.

C) metacognition knowledge

Which of the following statements or questions is most likely to be used by a legal professional to increase children's accurate reporting? A) "You're doing great." B) "She took your clothes off, didn't she?" C) "You said there was a man. Was he tall and scary looking?" D) "Tell me what happened."

D) "tell me what happened"

When solving basic addition problems, 5-year-old Sid sometimes counts on his fingers, sometimes starts with the lowest digit, or sometimes starts with the highest digit. According to Siegler's model of strategy choice, A) Sid has problems with cognitive self-regulation. B) Sid has a control deficiency. C) Sid is not yet skilled at cognitive inhibition. D) Sid's variability in strategy use is adaptive.

D) Sid variability in strategy use is adaptive

Constructive processing takes place during A) initial encoding only. B) the retrieval phase only. C) short-term storage only. D) any phase of information processing.

D) any phase of info processing

Autobiographical memory emerges, episodic memory becomes more elaborate, and familiar events are remembered in scripts at __________ years. A) 2 to 5 B) 4 to 7 C) 6 to 10 D) 11 to 13

A) 2 to 5

Which of the following statements is true regarding sustained attention? A) A greater slowing of heart rate while focused on complex stimuli is a physiological indicator of sustained attention. B) Children are not capable of intentional, goal-directed sustained attention until they enter elementary school. C) Improved language development is responsible for gains in sustained attention. D) Environmental factors have minimal impact on the development of sustained attention.

A) A greater slowing of heart rate while focused on complex stimuli is a physiological indicator of sustained

According to Goldin-Meadow, children who produce speech-gesture mismatches on addition-based equivalence problems A) are in a transitional state. B) have a learning disorder in math computation. C) employ a trial-and-error approach to problem solving. D) are less likely to benefit from teaching than children who produce speech-gesture matches.

A) are in a transitional state

Research on building memory suggests that A) children learn how to structure personally significant memories in narrative form by conversing about them with adults. B) fuzzy traces are more likely than verbatim memories to be forgotten. C) children begin to talk about the past with others sometime during their third year. D) scripts often clutter long-term memory with unimportant information.

A) children learn how to structure personally significan memories in narrative form by conversing about them with adults

Educators who advocate a phonics approach to reading argue that A) children should be coached on the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds before being given complex reading material. B) from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form. C) reading should be taught in a way that parallels natural-language learning. D) as long as reading is kept whole and meaningful, children will be motivated to discover the specific skills they need.

A) children should be coached on the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds before being given complex reading material.

Most investigations into theory of mind address children's ability to A) detect their own and other people's perceptions, feelings, desires, and beliefs. B) keep track of the sources of information in memory. C) monitor progress toward a goal and redirect unsuccessful efforts. D) use mnemonic strategies on tests of memory.

A) detect their own and other people's perceptions, feelings, desires and beliefs

Which of the following statements is true about young children and planning? A) Even when young children do plan, they succeed only on tasks with a small number of steps. B) Planning places heavy demands on long-term memory skills. C) Children's working memory is better equipped to monitor the success of each step if they have not encountered the problem before. D) By age 3, children are able to plan effectively.

A) even when young children do plan, they succeed only on tasks with a small number of steps

Kate tells Kim that she has six fish, four hamsters, and two dogs. Later, when asked if Kate has more fish or more dogs, Kim does not remember the exact numbers, but is able to answer correctly because she relied on her __________ memory. A) gist B) numerical C) verbatim D) recognition

A) gist

A major strength of the information-processing approach is A) its explicitness and precision in breaking down complex cognitive activities into their components. B) that it offers a comprehensive theory of cognitive development. C) its exclusive focus on linear and logical aspects of cognition. D) its emphasis on the biological bases of cognitive development.

A) its explicitness and precision in breaking down complex cogntiive activites into their components

Studies of literacy development show that A) phonological awareness is a strong predictor of emergent literacy knowledge. B) even young preschoolers are able to distinguish drawing from writing. C) the best method to teach children to read is the phonics approach. D) children should learn to read independently.

A) phonological awareness is a strong predictor of emergent literacy knowledge

Eight-year-old Romeo went with his father to buy some fruit. His father kept walking up and down each aisle. Romeo took his father's hand and steered him on a shorter route to get to the produce aisle. Romeo was effectively using A) planning B)schematics

A) planning

At his class reunion, Cesar recognizes a number of familiar faces, but he has trouble remembering their names. This is because __________ is easier than __________. A) recognition; recall B) recall; reconstruction C) recognition; reconstruction D) reconstruction; recall

A) recognition; recall

Siegler's model of strategy choice A) reveals that most children follow one approach to problem solving. B) fails to explain diversity and continuous change in children's thinking. C) primarily utilizes cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. D) captures periods of high variability in children's strategy use.

A) reveals that most children follow one approach to problem solving.

Studies of mathematical reasoning indicate that A) the principle of cardinality develops universally in many cultures around the world. B) exposure to arithmetic in everyday activities does not speed up children's understanding of numerical concepts. C) only children who have been formally schooled grasp the concept of cardinality. D) by 6 months of age, infants demonstrate a beginning understanding of cardinality.

A) the principle of cardinality develops universally in many cultures around the world.

Which of the following statements is true about preschoolers? A) They are often confused by subtle distinctions between mental states, such as "know" and "forget." B) They believe their mental activity is busiest while they wait, look at pictures, listen to stories, or read books. C) They understand that when a person shows no obvious cues that he or she is thinking, mental activity is still occurring. D) They focus on the process of thinking rather than on the outcomes.

A) they are often confused by subtle distinctions between mental states, such as "known" and "forgot"

Seven-year-old Liz executes attentional strategies consistently, but her performance does not improve. This is an example of a __________ deficiency. A) utilization B) control C) production D) distraction

A) utilization

Researchers believe that Guatemalan Mayan children were better able to remember the placement of 40 familiar objects in a play scene than their U.S. agemates because Mayan children A) were more adept at relying on techniques such as spatial location and arrangement of objects. B) have better memory skills in practical, everyday situations. C) have better long-term memory. D) applied elaboration more effectively.

A) were more adept at relying on techniques such as spatial location and arrangement of objects

Nine-year-old Kael has difficulty putting what he knows about thinking into action because he is not yet proficient at A) metacognition. B) cognitive self-regulation. C) constructing mental inferences. D) constructing a theory of mind.

B) cognitive self regulation

Research on children's eyewitness testimony shows that A) most preschoolers are unable to disclose forensically relevant details without the use of leading questions. B) a warm, supportive interview tone fosters accurate recall. C) preschoolers almost always provide false information in their testimonies. D) children who go to "court school" are at high risk for being misled by a biased interviewer.

B) a warm, supportive interview tone fosters accurate recall

A common theme characterizing the diverse symptoms of ADHD is A) intense focus to detail. B) an impaired capacity to inhibit action in favor of thought. C) a disorganized home life. D) nonstop loud talking.

B) an impaired capacity to inhibit action in favor of thought.

Children generate central conceptual structures when schemes A) predominate over assimilation. B) are consolidated into an improved representational form. C) are subject to disequilibration. D) are separated into distinct categories.

B) are consolidated into an improved representational form

High levels of organization at retrieval suggest that very knowledgeable children's recall of items in their area of expertise is A) based largely on verbatim memory. B) automatic. C) the result of their exceptional metacognitive skills. D) based largely on gist memory.

B) automatic.

Emergent literacy refers to A) the automatic retrieval of word meanings in long-term memory during reading and writing tasks. B) children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences. C) a method of reading instruction that parallels children's natural language learning. D) an approach to beginning reading instruction that emphasizes phonics.

B) children active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

Which of the following statements is supported by research on reading? A) Around age 7 or 8, a major shift occurs from "reading to learn" to "learning to read." B) Children who read aloud fluently without registering meaning know little about effective reading strategies. C) Children who receive whole-language instruction are more accurate spellers than children who are taught phonics only. D) When reading is kept meaningful, children are motivated to participate in classroom discussions.

B) children who read aloud fluently without registering meaning know little about effective reading strategies

Educators who advocate a whole-language approach to reading argue that A) reading instruction should focus on phonics. B) from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form. C) children should learn the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds before being given reading material. D) children should learn to write before beginning to read.

B) from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form

Younger children are more likely than older children to organize by A) sorting items alphabetically. B) grouping items by their everyday association. C) placing items into taxonomic categories. D) repeating an entire list of items backwards.

B) grouping items by their everyday association

To create autobiographical memories that persist for a lifetime, children must A) have a well-developed language system and a repertoire of memory strategies. B) have a clear self-image and learn to structure significant memories in narrative form. C) be attentive to routines and embed novel events into their long-term memory of those routines. D) possess metacognitive awareness and an elaborative style of talking about experiences.

B) have a clear self-image and learn to structure significant memories in narrative form

Schneider's and Bjorklund's study of children soccer experts versus soccer novices demonstrated that compared to novices, expert children are more likely to A) rely on gist rather than verbatim memories. B) have better organized lists during recall. C) rehearse the test items during encoding. D) engage in reconstructive processing during storage.

B) have better organized lists during recall.

Stimulus recognition A) depends on a deliberate search of long-term memory. B) is the simplest form of retrieval. C) requires the generation of a mental representation of an absent stimulus. D) does not emerge until the preschool years.

B) is the simplest form of retrieval.

Mora is in kindergarten and has a control deficiency, which means that she A) fails to use previously learned mental strategies. B) is unable to consistently execute strategies effectively. C) cannot focus her attention long enough to find appropriate strategies. D) uses inappropriate mental strategies in all situations.

B) is unable to consistently execute strategies

The principal limitation of the information-processing perspective is that A) it contradicts Piaget's theory of cognitive development. B) its components are difficult to reassemble into a broad, comprehensive theory of development. C) it provides an imprecise account of the mechanisms of cognitive development. D) it does not offer applications for teaching techniques that advance children's thinking.

B) its components are difficult to reassemble into a broad, comprehensive theory of development.

Which of the following types of media multitasking do U.S. teenagers report engaging in most frequently? A) watching television while listening to music and doing homework B) listening to music while doing homework C) talking on the phone while surfing the Internet D) text-messaging while doing homework

B) listening to music while doing homework

When young children recall and retell a story, they often recall certain important features while forgetting unimportant ones, reorder the sequence of events in more logical fashion, and even include new information that fits with a passage's meaning. This demonstrates that young children A) have poor metacognitive skills. B) reconstruct information based on their everyday experiences. C) often fail to employ appropriate memory strategies.

B) reconstruct information based on their everyday experiences.

According to research on scripts, both children and adults have difficulty recalling specific instances of __________ events. A) one-time B) repeated C) distinctive D) unfamiliar

B) repeated

Fatima wants her 3-year-old son Jamal to tell his grandfather about his recent trip to the beach. To elicit his recall, Fatima asks, "What did we do at the beach?" "What did you play with?" "What did we do there?" This represents a(n) __________ narrative style. A) deliberative B) repetitive C) reconstructive D) elaborative

B) repetitive

When children grasp the principle of cardinality, they understand that A) attainment serves as the basis for more complex understandings. B) the last word in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set. C) adding and subtracting the same number leaves the original quantity unchanged. D) the most efficient addition strategy is to start with the highest digit and count on.

B) the last word in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set.

Between the ages of 6 and 10, children A) view the mind as a passive container of information. B) view the mind as an active constructive agent. C) no longer demonstrate control and utilization deficiencies. D) execute most memory strategies as effectively as adolescents and adults.

B) view the mind as an active constructive agent

Autobiographical memory refers to representations of A) what occurs generally and the specific time frame in which it occurs. B) fuzzy information that preserves essential content without specific details. C) one-time events that are long-lasting because they are imbued with personal meaning. D) the vast, intricately organized knowledge system in long-term memory.

C) one time events that are long lasting because they are imbued with personal meaning

Because __________ appears early and develops rapidly, it is probably a fairly automatic process. A) rehearsal B) recovery C) recognition D) elaboration

C) recognition

According to Siegler's model of strategy choice, if Manuel is given the same problems over a short time interval, he may, in fact, A) show a maladaptive variation in strategy use. B) be unable to recognize successful strategies. C) regress from more advanced to less advanced approaches. D) always use the most adaptive strategy to solve a problem.

C) regress from more advanced to less advanced approaches.

According to fuzzy-trace theory, we have a bias toward gist memory compared to literal versions because it A) interferes with cognitive processing. B) decays more rapidly. C) requires less space in working memory. D) is less likely to undergo constructive processing.

C) requires less working memory

__________ knowledge contributes vitally to the development of __________ memory, or recollections of personally experienced events that occurred at a specific time and place. A) Long-term; short-term B) Autobiographical; semantic C) Semantic; episodic D) Gist; verbatim

C) semantic; episodic

Cross-cultural research on memory reveals that A) children in non-Western cultures who have no formal schooling benefit greatly from instruction in memory strategies. B) children who have no formal schooling do as well on list memory tasks as formally educated children. C) the development of memory strategies is partly a product of task demands and cultural circumstances. D) American children easily refrain from rehearsing object names when it is more effective to keep track of spatial relations.

C) the development of memory strategies is partly a product of task demands and cultural circumstances.

Five-year-old Louis can conserve liquid, but not volume. According to Case's neo-Piagetian theory, one explanation for Louis's differential success would be that A) he has more experience manipulating volume than he does manipulating liquid. B) he lives in a culture that does not encourage mastery of conservation. C) the processing demands of a conservation-of-volume task are greater than those of a conservation-of-liquid task. D) familiar glasses were used in the liquid problem, whereas less familiar glasses were used in the volume problem.

C) the processing demands of a conservation-of-volume task are greater than those of a conservation-of-liquid task.

Theory of mind research indicates that by age 3, children realize that A) doing well on a task depends on focusing attention. B) a person reading a book or looking at pictures is thinking. C) thinking takes place inside their heads. D) if you "know" something you are more certain than if you "guessed."

C) thinking takes place inside their heads

In learning basic math, poorly performing students A) use drill in computing rather than "number sense." B) are often unable to learn how to compute numbers by rote. C) try to retrieve answers from memory too soon. D) use simplistic techniques.

C) try to retrieve answers from memory too soon

Research on eyewitness memory suggests that younger children are prone to memory errors because they A) are more likely than older children to disagree with a yes-or-no question. B) tend to report gist rather than verbatim information about their experiences. C) have trouble recalling highly stressful events. D) are especially poor at source-monitoring.

D) are especially poor at source monitoring

Aaron's memory of his family's vacation to Yellowstone National Park resides in his __________ memory. A) semantic B) eyewitness C) short-term D) autobiographical

D) autobiographical

Once formed, scripts can A) hinder memory for events that are highly distinctive. B) facilitate recall of single occurrences of repeated events. C) prevent forgetting of one-time events. D) be used to predict what will happen on future similar occasions.

D) be used to predict what will happen on future similar occasions

Kuhn's research suggests that young children often have difficulties with scientific reasoning because they A) rely on induction. B) pit evidence against their theories. C) rely on deduction. D) blend theory with evidence.

D) blend theory with evidence

Yolanda has learned how to solve math problems by rote, which means she A) seldom makes errors on new problems. B) understands why certain strategies are essential for solid mastery of basic math. C) often invents successful strategies to solve new problems. D) cannot apply the procedure to new problems.

D) cannot apply the procedure to new problems

Research on infantile amnesia suggests that events that happened during the first few years of life are not remembered because A) most adults repress their early memories. B) memories are not formed during this time period. C) early memories erode with the passage of time. D) early nonverbal memories cannot be translated into language.

D) early non-verbal memories cannot be translated into memories

Research on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) indicates that A) girls are diagnosed with ADHD more frequently than boys. B) all children with ADHD are hyperactive. C) ADHD often does not become evident until adolescence or early adulthood. D) executive-function deficiencies underlie ADHD symptoms.

D) executive-function deficiencies underlie ADHD symptoms.

Research on addition- and multiplication-based equivalence problems shows that correct strategies appear first in __________ and only later in __________. A) school settings; everyday settings B) private speech; nonverbal mental activities C) cognitive-processing tasks; problem-solving skills D) gesture; speech

D) gesture; speech

When adults ask children open-ended questions about story events, explain the meaning of words, and point out features of point, they are engaging in A) literacy modeling. B) phonological awareness. C) emergent literacy. D) interactive reading.

D) interactive reading

Research has shown that most preschoolers A) do not use the words "think," "remember," or "pretend." B) have a complete grasp of cognitive processes. C) believe that an event can be known without being directly observed. D) often insist that they have always known information they just learned.

D) often insist that they have always known information they just learned

When Chi compared the performance of child chess experts and adult chess novices on a task involving memory for the layout of chess pieces on a chessboard, she found that the children A) outperformed the adults because the children were very bright and had exceptional memories. B) performed as well as the adults, suggesting that knowledge can compensate for memory limitations. C) performed as well as the adults when there were fewer than eight pieces on the chessboard. D) outperformed the adults because their knowledge base contributed to memory performance.

D) outperformed the adults because their knowledge base contributed to memory performance

Which of the following strategies promotes children's cognitive self-regulation? A) Encourage children to check progress toward their learning goals through self-monitoring. B) Administer a mental test and show children their scores. C) Assign age-appropriate tasks to children and then compare their performance to their agemates' performance. D) Parents and teachers cannot foster self-regulation; children must attain this independently.

D) parents and teachers cannot foster self regulation; children must attain this independently

Preschoolers view the mind as a(n) A) symbol-manipulating system through which information from the environment flows. B) tool for reconstructing isolated bits of information. C) extension of their parents' mind. D) passive container of information.

D) passive container of information

Which of the following three deficiencies precede children's effective strategy use in attentional and memory tasks? A) minimal, location, and relevance deficiencies B) optimization, process, and categorization deficiencies C) relevant, selective, and object deficiencies D) production, control, and utilization deficiencies

D) production, control and utilization deficiencies

Eight-year-old Akemi needs to memorize names of the continents and the oceans. She makes a list and keeps repeating the information to herself. Akemi is using the strategy of A) retrieval. B) organization. C) elaboration. D) rehearsal.

D) rehearsal

Which of the following statements is true regarding fuzzy-trace theory? A) Gist memories decay more rapidly than verbatim memories. B) Gist memory requires more mental effort than verbatim memory. C) Children under the age of 5 show little ability to answer verbatim-dependent questions. D) School-aged children are better able than preschoolers at answering gist-dependent questions.

D) school aged children are better able than preschoolers at answering gist-dependent questions

Research shows that __________ strongly motivate(s) use of memory strategies. A) interactions between peers and siblings B) parental pressure to excel in school C) experience with Piagetian tasks D) tasks requiring children to remember isolated bits of information

D) tasks requiring children to remember isolated bits of information

As children construct and reconstruct information, A) they rarely account for new information. B) the information loses coherency. C) they often "delete" important retrieval cues in their memory. D) the information becomes more coherent and memorable.

D) the information becomes more coherent and memorable.

Studies of memory strategy use by younger children show that A) control and utilization deficiencies disappear once they enter elementary school. B) once a strategy is learned, they tend to use it consistently. C) their rehearsal strategies are especially clear and organized at an early age. D) their use of multiple memory strategies has little impact on performance.

D) their use of multiple memory strategies has little impact on performance.

Studies of early reading show that A) a whole-language approach is the best method to teach reading. B) children learn beginning reading best with a basic-skills approach. C) kindergartners benefit from an emphasis on phonics, with a gradual emphasis on whole language. D) too much emphasis on basic skills may cause children to lose sight of the goal of reading.

D) too much emphasis on basic skills may cause children to lose sight of the goal of reading.

According to Case, __________ impose(s) a systemwide ceiling on cognitive development. A) plasticity B) biology C) environmental influences D) children's mental strategies

biology

Effective self-regulatory skills A) are weakly correlated with academic success. B) sometimes interfere with children's task performance. C) foster a sense of academic self-efficacy. D) develop rapidly during the preschool years.

c) foster a sense of academic self-efficacy

According to fuzzy-trace theory, __________ preserve(s) essential meaning without details, whereas __________ memory contains precise details. A) scripts; autobiographical B) recognition memory; recall C) semantic memory; episodic D) gists; verbatim

gists; verbatim