Chapter 8

What type of caffeine did 16th century European explorers discover in Mexico?

the cacao plant

Europeans first began using caffeine in __________.

the late 15th and early 16th centuries

Milk chocolate contains more __________ than caffeine.

theobromine

A medication for asthma is most likely to include ____________.

theophylline

Caffeine is chemically related to __________.

theophylline and theobromine only

The United States' consumption of caffeine is __________ the world average.

twice

Peak levels of caffeine after taking a dose occur in __________.

15 - 45 minutes

The half-life of caffeine in the blood ranges from ____________.

3-7 hours

The lethal dose of caffeine for adults is equivalent to __________ cups of coffee.

75

Estimates are that __________ of the world's population regularly consumes products containing caffeine.

90%

Cocoa is primarily produced in __________.

Africa

What were the results of Lowe's 1988 study on the effects of the combination of alcohol and caffeine on state-dependent learning?

Caffeine was mostly responsible for the state-dependence effect.

___________ has the highest per capita consumption of cocoa.

Denmark

How does caffeine affect human task performance?

It increases performance in some areas and decreases it in others.

Which popular soft drink contains the highest concentration of caffeine?

Mountain Dew

Citizens of __________ are the world's top coffee consumers.

Scandinavian countries

Tea contains ________ as well as caffeine.

Theophylline

The explanation for caffeine's acute effects that is most accepted now is the __________ hypothesis.

adenosine

Physical dependence to caffeine can develop __________.

after 3 consecutive days of regular use

A(n) __________ is a compound that is of botanical origin, contains nitrogen, and is physiologically active.

alkaloid

Coffee consumption may help prevent __________.

all of the above e. none of the above ( liver disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease)

Caffeine-producing plants are indigenous to __________.

all of these (China, West Africa, North America, South America)

Individuals who suffer from ___________ should be careful when using caffeine.

anxiety

Tolerance to caffeine's effects on __________ probably does develop.

both renal function and sleep

Which of the following contains the highest concentration of caffeine?

brewed coffee

Caffeine is excreted from the body mainly ____________.

by the kidneys

A medication intended to increase respiratory stimulation in premature infants would be most likely to include __________.

caffeine

Which drug(s) is/are notable for being "cradle to grave" drugs?

caffeine

Which of the following is used most frequently in medications?

caffeine

Caffeine has been used in a variety of medications to produce __________.

cerebral stimulation and diuresis only

Which of the following does not slow the process of caffeine metabolism and excretion?

cigarette smoking

In the United States, caffeine is most often consumed in the form of __________.

coffee

According to the study conducted by Marks & Kelly, which of the following is most likely to still be at close to peak level two hours after consumption?

cola

How does caffeine affect eye-hand coordination?

decreases

How does caffeine affect the rapidity and accuracy of motor skills?

depends on the dosage

Research has associated chronic caffeine use with __________.

elevated serum cholesterol level

Smokers smoke _________ cigarettes after drinking coffee.

fewer

The most commonly reported symptom of withdrawal from caffeine is __________.

headaches

Symptoms of caffeinism start to appear after _____ mg of caffeine has been consumed.

it depends on the individual

The __________ does most of the metabolizing of caffeine.

liver

A recent study indicates that an ingredient in coffee appears to protect against ___________.

liver cirrhosis

Caffeine is one of three naturally occurring compounds known as the __________.

methylxanthines

What is the Federal Drug Administration's position on the use of caffeine by pregnant women?

moderate doses of caffeine do not have negative effects on reproduction

Cigarette smokers metabolize caffeine __________ nonsmokers.

more quickly than

Recent research has indicated that frequent coffee drinkers have a greater risk of dying from ______.

none of the above

Withdrawal from caffeine lasts about __________.

one week

After consumption, the concentration of caffeine is __________.

similar throughout the body

Research has indicated that little tolerance to caffeine's __________ develops.

stimulant effects

Caffeine's primary action is __________.

stimulation of CNS activity

___________ is the dominant source of caffeine in Ireland.

tea