Chapter 8 Comparing GUIs

Which of the following are GUI components? (Choose all that apply.) A. Favorites bar B. File manager C. Icons D. Command line E. System tray

A, B, C, E A favorites bar, file manager, icons, and a system tray are all part of a graphical UI. Therefore, options A, B, C, and E are correct choices. A command line is a location to enter text-based commands, and while you can reach it from the GUI using a terminal emulator, it is not considered to be part of the graphical UI. Therefore, option D is the only incorrect choice.

Which of the following is true of a compositor? (Choose all that apply.) A. A compositor arranges various display elements within a window to create a screen image. B. Wayland is a compositor. C. Mutter contains a compositor. D. Kwin contains a compositor. E. Weston is a compositor.

A, C, D, E A compositor arranges various display elements within a window to create a screen image. Therefore, option A is a correct answer. Both Mutter and Kwin, even though their primary duty is as a window manager, also contain compositors. Thus, options C and D are correct answers too. Weston is a compositor for the Wayland display server, so option E is also a correct choice. Wayland is a display server and not a compositor. Thus, option B is the only wrong answer.

You want to employ SSH port forwarding and use its local mode. Which ssh command switches should you employ? (Choose all that apply.) A. -N B. -X C. -f D. -R E. -L

A, C, E You need to indicate to the openSSH server that no terminal is required because you are only establishing a tunnel. Therefore, the -N switch is needed. The -f switch will send the openSSH tunnel into the background, freeing up your command-line interface so that you can type remote desktop commands. The local mode of the ssh command requires that you use the -L switch to specify the local system as well as the local and remote ports to be used. Therefore, options A, C, and E are correct. The -X switch is not used in SSH port forwarding, so option B is a wrong answer. The -R switch is used for remote mode SSH port forwarding. Therefore, option D is also an incorrect choice.

Which of the following are remote desktops? (Choose all that apply.) A. SPICE B. NX C. Xrdp D. VNC E. Caja

A,B,C,D SPICE, NX, Xrdp, and VNC are all remote desktops. Therefore, options A, B, C, and D are correct answers. Caja is the file manager in the MATE desktop environment and not a remote desktop. Thus, option E is the only incorrect answer.

Which of the following is true concerning X11? (Choose all that apply.) A. XFree86 is the dominant X server. B. X.Org foundation develops an X server. C. The X server is being replaced by Wayland. D. X11 means a user can have 11 sessions. E. X is short for X Window System.

B, C, E The X.Org foundation does develop an X server, called X11. The X server is being replaced by Wayland. X is short for X Window System, which is a display server. So options B, C, and E are correct. XFree86 was the dominant server implementing X until 2004. Now the dominant server is the X.Org foundation's X11 server, so option A is a wrong answer. The X.Org's server implements the X Window System version 11, and that is why it is sometimes called X11. It is not due to the number of graphical sessions a particular user can have. Therefore, option D is also an incorrect choice.

A blind coworker who is programming on the Linux server is suddenly having odd problems with his braille display device. You determine that you need to restart the braille service. Assuming the appropriate systemd unit file is available, which command would you use? A. systemctl restart braille B. systemctl reload braille C. systemctl restart brailled D. systemctl restart brltty E. systemctl reload brltty

D. systemctl restart brltty The braille display device would be using the brltty service. The proper systemctl command to restart the services is in option D. Options A, B, and C all use incorrect names for the braille service. The command in option E would reload any modified brltty configuration files but not restart the service. Therefore, option E is also an incorrect choice.

Which of the following describes the sound keys accessibility setting? A. Sounds are made when the Caps Lock or Num Lock key is turned on or off. B. A program that reads the GUI aloud, such as Orca. C. A cursor blink rate modification to make it easier to locate the cursor on the screen. D. Output to a refreshable braille display that is provided by the Orca screen reader. E. The screen or a screen portion is amplified to different magnification levels.

A. The sound keys accessibility setting provides beeps whenever the Caps Lock or Num Lock key is turned on or off. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. A program that reads the GUI aloud, such as Orca, is a screen reader. Thus, option B is a wrong answer. The cursor blinking setting modifies the cursor blink rate to make it easier to locate the cursor on the screen. Therefore, option C is also an incorrect answer. Output to a refreshable braille display is provided by the Orca screen reader, which is a screen reader. Thus, option D is a wrong choice. Zoom settings allow the screen or a screen portion to be amplified to different magnification levels. Therefore, option E is also an incorrect choice.

Which of the following best describes the slow keys accessibility setting? A. A keyboard option that modifies how long a key must be pressed down to acknowledge the key B. A keyboard option that sets keyboard modifier keys, such as Ctrl and Shift, to maintain their pressed status until a subsequent key is pressed C. A keyboard option that modifies how long a key must be pressed down and that defines a delay to acknowledge the key repeat D. A keyboard option that sets a primary key to be pressed along with a mouse click to emulate secondary mouse clicks E. A keyboard option that displays a visual keyboard on the UI that can be manipulated by a mouse or other pointing device to emulate keystrokes

A. A keyboard option that modifies how long a key must be pressed down to acknowledge the key Slow keys are a keyboard option that modifies how long a key must be pressed down to acknowledge the key. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Sticky keys are a keyboard option that sets keyboard modifier keys, such as Ctrl and Shift, to maintain their pressed status until a subsequent key is pressed. Thus, option B is a wrong answer. Repeat keys are a keyboard option that modifies how long a key must be pressed down and that defines a delay to acknowledge the key repeat. Therefore, option C is also a wrong choice. Simulated secondary click is actually a mouse option, and it sets a primary key to be pressed along with a mouse click to emulate secondary mouse clicks. Thus, option D is an incorrect answer. A screen keyboard is a keyboard option that displays a visual keyboard on the UI that can be manipulated by a mouse or other pointing device to emulate keystrokes. Therefore, option E is also an incorrect choice.

Which of the following is not used by default within GNOME Shell? A. SDDM B. Files C. Mutter D. GDM E. Dock

A. SDDM SDDM (Simple Desktop Display Manager) is the default display manager for the KDE Plasma desktop environment. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Files, also called GNOME files, is the file manager within the GNOME Shell desktop environment. Therefore, option B is a wrong answer. Mutter is the GNOME shell window manager, and thus option C is an incorrect answer. GDM stands for the GNOME Display Manager. Therefore, option D is a wrong choice. Dock is another name for the GNOME Shell Dash, which is the favorites bar within GNOME Shell. Thus, option E is also an incorrect choice.

Which of the following are remote desktops typically used with virtual machines? (Choose all that apply.) A. SPICE B. NX C. Xrdp D. VNC E. All of the above

A. SPICE D. VNC SPICE and VNC are the remote desktops, which are typically used with virtual machines. By default, VNC is used with KVM virtual machines. However, you can replace VNC with SPICE. Thus, options A and D are the correct answers. NX and Xrdp are not typically used with virtual machines, and thus, options B, C, and E are not correct answers.

Your system is running an X display server and a user's graphical user interface is not acting properly. Which of the following commands can you use first to diagnose potential problems? (Choose all that apply.) A. xwininfo B. Xorg -configure C. xcpyinfo D. xdpyinfo E. loginctl

A. xwininfo D. xdpyinfo The xwininfo and xdpyinfo commands provide information about the X server, including the different screen types available, the default communication parameter values, and protocol extension information as well as individual window information. These two utilities would be the best ones to start diagnosing the problem. Therefore, options A and D are correct answers. Xorg -configure creates a new X11 configuration file for your perusal, which may be useful later on in the troubleshooting process. However, this is not the best command to start diagnosis. Therefore, option B is a wrong answer. The xcpyinfo command is made up, making option C an incorrect answer. The loginctl command can help you determine whether or not the user is using X11 or Wayland, but since you already know that the X display server is running, issuing this command will not help. Thus, option E is an incorrect answer as well.

Which of the following are true concerning Wayland? (Choose all that apply.) A. Currently X11 is more secure than Wayland. B. Wayland uses the $WAYLAND_DISPLAY environment variable. C. Wayland's only compositor is Weston. D. XWayland supports legacy X11 programs. E. Set WaylandDisable to true to disable Wayland in GNOME Shell.

B. Wayland uses the $WAYLAND_DISPLAY environment variable. D. XWayland supports legacy X11 programs. Wayland does use the $WAYLAND_DISPLAY environment variable, so option B is a correct answer. Also, XWayland supports legacy X11 programs. Therefore, option D is an additional correct answer. Wayland is a replacement for the X11 display server, and it is designed to be more secure. Thus, option A is a wrong answer. Wayland's compositor is swappable and there are several other compositors besides Weston available for use with Wayland. Therefore, option C is a wrong choice. In order to disable Wayland in GNOME Shell, you edit the /etc/gdm3/custom.conf file and set WaylandEnable to false. Thus, option E is also an incorrect answer.

You (username Samantha) are logged into a laptop (IP address 192.168.0.42) running a Linux GNOME Classic desktop environment at your company desk in Building A. A problem has occurred on a rack-mounted Linux system (IP address 192.168.0.7) in Building C. You need to securely access a GUI application on the remote system that uses X11. What command should you use? A. ssh -Y [email protected] B. ssh -X [email protected] C. ssh -Y [email protected] D. ssh -X [email protected] E. ssh -L [email protected]

B. ssh -X [email protected] You need to employ X11 forwarding. To properly and securely access the remote Linux system and run an X11-based application, the command in option B is the best choice. The command in option A uses the trusted X11 via the -Y switch, which is not secure. Therefore, option A is a wrong answer. The command in option C also uses the -Y switch, so option C is also an incorrect answer. The command in option D uses the correct command switch but sends the connection to the laptop instead of the rack-mounted Linux server. Thus, option D is a wrong answer. The command in option E is using the -L switch, which is for local SSH port forwarding, and it uses the wrong syntax for that switch and attempts to send the connection to the laptop. Thus, option E is a very incorrect answer.

Which of the following best describes a desktop environment? A. A set of programs that allow a user to interact with the system via icons, windows, and various other visual elements B. A screen where you choose a username and enter a password to gain system access C. A series of components that work together to provide the graphical setting for the user interface D. A program that allows you to perform file maintenance activities graphically E. A set of programs that determine how the windows are presented on the desktop

C. A series of components that work together to provide the graphical setting for the user interface A desktop environment is a series of components that work together to provide the graphical setting for the user interface. A graphical user interface (GUI) is a set of programs that allow a user to interact with the system via icons, windows, and various other visual elements. Therefore, option A is an incorrect choice. A display manager operates the screen where you choose a username and enter a password to gain system access. Therefore, option B is an incorrect choice. A file manager is the program that allows you to perform file maintenance activities graphically. Thus, option D is also a wrong choice. A window manager is a set of programs that determine how the windows are presented on the desktop. Therefore, option E is also an incorrect choice.

Which of the following is the KDE Plasma files manager? A. Nautilus B. Plasmoid C. Dolphin D. Kwin E. Nemo

C. Dolphin The KDE Plasma's file manager is named Dolphin. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. Nautilus is the file manager on the Unity desktop environment, and therefore, option A is a wrong answer. Plasmoid is another name for a KDE Plasma widget. Thus, option B is an incorrect answer. Kwin is the KDE Plasma's window manager, and therefore option D is a wrong choice. Nemo is the default file manager on the Cinnamon desktop environment. Thus, option E is an incorrect choice.

Which of the following is true concerning the MATE desktop environment? (Choose all that apply.) A. MATE is a GNOME Shell fork. B. MATE uses Metacity as its window manager. C. MATE's display manager is LightDM. D. MATE's file manager is Caja. E. MATE is no longer being developed.

C. MATE's display manager is LightDM. D. MATE's file manager is Caja. MATE's display manager is LightDM, and its file manager is Caja. Therefore, options C and D are correct answers. MATE was a fork of the GNOME 2 desktop environment and not GNOME Shell, so option A is a wrong answer. MATE uses a fork of Metacity, called Marco, as its window manager, so option B is also a wrong choice. At the time this book was being written, MATE was being actively developed, so option E is an incorrect choice.

You use the command gnome-shell --replace at the command line and receive an error message from the utility. What does this indicate? A. The X11 display server is hung. You need to reboot the server. B. The --replace option should be swapped for the -R option. C. Your display server is Wayland. D. XWayland is currently being used. E. Wayland has been disabled for this session.

C. Your display server is Wayland. When your display server is Wayland, some commands, such as gnome-shell --replace, do not work in your GUI session. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. The scenario does not indicate that the X11 display server is hung. So please don't reboot your server and know that option A is a wrong answer. The error message does not indicate that the -R option should be used instead. Thus, option B is an incorrect answer. If XWayland was being used, you would not receive an error message. Therefore, option D is also a wrong choice. If Wayland was disabled for the session, the command would not generate an error message. Thus, option E is an incorrect choice.

Which of the following commands will help you determine whether your display server is Wayland or X11? A. $WAYLAND_DISPLAY B. echo $AccessX C. loginctl D. echo $X11 E. runlevel

C. loginctl The loginctl command will help you determine your current GUI session number. You can then use the loginctl command again along with your session number to determine if your GUI session is Wayland or X11. Thus, option C is the correct answer. While you can issue the command echo $WAYLAND_DISPLAY to help determine if your GUI session is Wayland or X11, $WAYLAND_DISPLAY by itself does nothing. Therefore, option A is a wrong answer. AccessX is a program that originally provided many universal access settings. There is no environment variable used by Wayland or X11 called $AccessX, and thus, option B is an incorrect answer. The $X11 environment variable is made up, so option D is a wrong choice. The runlevel command allows you to determine your system's current run level and is not used in determining display servers. Therefore, option E is also an incorrect choice.

Which of the following communicates with the Linux operating system to transmit the UI wants and needs? A. Window manager B. Display manager C. Desktop environment D. Windows server E. Display server

E. Display server The display server uses a communication protocol to transmit the desires of the UI to the operating system, and vice versa. Therefore, option E is the correct answer. A window manager is a program that communicates with the display server on behalf of the UI. Thus, option A is a wrong answer. A display manager controls the desktop environment's login screen, where you choose a username and enter a password to gain system access. Therefore, option B is also a wrong choice. A desktop environment is a user environment that provides a predetermined look and feel to a GUI, but it does not transmit the desires of the UI to the operating system, so option C is a wrong answer. A window server is another name for a window manager, and thus, option D is also an incorrect answer.

Which of the following protocols does Xrdp employ? A. Remote Frame Buffer protocol B. Wayland protocol C. NX technology protocol D. Simple protocol for ICEs E. Remote Desktop Protocol

E. Remote Desktop Protocol The Xrdp remote desktop software uses the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Thus, option E is the correct answer. The Remote Frame Buffer (RFB) protocol is used by VNC. Thus, option A is a wrong answer. The Wayland protocol is used by the Wayland display server. Therefore, option B is also a wrong choice. Option C is also an incorrect answer, because the NX technology protocol is used by the NX remote desktop. The Simple protocol for ICEs, or Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments (SPICE), is used by the Spice remote desktop. Thus, option D is also an incorrect choice.